Multimodal Pain Recognition in Postoperative Patients: Machine Learning Approach

Ajan Subramanian   ¹ , MS ;   Rui Cao   ² , MS ;   Emad Kasaeyan Naeini   ¹ , PhD ;   Seyed Amir Hossein Aqajari   ² , PhD ;   Thomas D Hughes   ³ , RN ;   Michael-David Calderon   ⁴ , MS ;   Kai Zheng   ⁵ , PhD ;   Nikil Dutt   ¹ , PhD ;   Pasi Liljeberg   ⁶ , PhD ;   Sanna Salanterä   ^{7, 8} , RN, PhD ;   Ariana M Nelson   ⁹ , MD ;   Amir M Rahmani   ^{1, 2, 3, 10} , MBA, PhD

¹ Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States

² Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States

³ School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States

⁴ College of Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, United States

⁵ Department of Informatics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States

⁶ Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

⁷ Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

⁸ Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

⁹ Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States

¹⁰ Institute for Future Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States