JMIR Formative Research

Process evaluations, early results, and feasibility/pilot studies of digital and non-digital interventions

Editor-in-Chief:

Amaryllis Mavragani, PhD, Scientific Editor at JMIR Publications, Canada


Impact Factor 2.1 CiteScore 3.5

JMIR Formative Research (JFR, ISSN 2561-326X) publishes peer-reviewed, openly accessible papers containing results from process evaluations, feasibility/pilot studies and other kinds of formative research and preliminary results. While the original focus was on the design of medical- and health-related research and technology innovations, JMIR Formative Research publishes studies from all areas of medical and health research.

Formative research is research that occurs before a program is designed and implemented, or while a program is being conducted. Formative research can help

  • define and understand populations in need of an intervention or public health program
  • create programs that are specific to the needs of those populations
  • ensure programs are acceptable and feasible to users before launching
  • improve the relationship between users and agencies/research groups
  • demonstrate the feasibility, use, satisfaction with, or problems with a program before large-scale summative evaluation (looking at health outcomes)

Many funding agencies will expect some sort of pilot/feasibility/process evaluation before funding a larger study such as a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT).

Formative research should be an integral part of developing or adapting programs and should be used while the program is ongoing to help refine and improve program activities. Thus, formative evaluation can and should also occur in the form of a process evaluation alongside a summative evaluation such as an RCT.

JMIR Formative Research fills an important gap in the academic journals landscape, as it publishes sound and peer-reviewed formative research that is critical for investigators to apply for further funding, but that is usually not published in outcomes-focused medical journals aiming for impact and generalizability.

Summative evaluations of programs and apps/software that have undergone a thorough formative evaluation before launch have a better chance to be published in high-impact flagship journals; thus, we encourage authors to submit - as a first step - their formative evaluations in JMIR Formative Research (and their evaluation protocols to JMIR Research Protocols). 

JMIR Formative Research is indexed in MEDLINEPubMed, PubMed CentralDOAJ, Scopus, Sherpa/Romeo, EBSCO/EBSCO Essentials, and the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI).

JMIR Formative Research received a Journal Impact Factor of 2.1 according to the latest release of the Journal Citation Reports from Clarivate, 2025.

With a CiteScore of 3.5 (2024) JMIR Formative Research is a Q2 journal in the field of Medicine (miscellaneous), according to Scopus data.

Recent Articles

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Formative Evaluation of Digital Health Interventions

Poor mental health among higher education students is a global public health concern. Learning analytics, which involves collecting and analysing big data to support learning, could detect changes in behaviour, learning patterns, as well as mental health and well-being. This could help inform mental health interventions in university settings. However, research has yet to explore students' perspectives on using learning analytics for mental health and well-being purposes.

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Early Results in Infodemiology and Infoveillance

The rise of short-video platforms, such as TikTok (Douyin in China) and Bilibili, has significantly influenced how health information is disseminated to the public. However, the quality, reliability, and effectiveness of health-related content on these platforms, particularly regarding uterine fibroids, remain underexplored. Uterine fibroids are a common medical condition that affects a substantial proportion of women worldwide. While these platforms have become vital sources of health education, misinformation and incomplete content may undermine their efficacy.

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Pilot studies (ehealth)

Climate change is a pressing public health issue, with the U.S. healthcare sector contributing about 479 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually. Online continuing medical education (CME) offers an alternative solution to increase global education delivery while reducing CO2 emissions associated with traditional teaching methods

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Development and Evaluation of Research Methods, Instruments and Tools

There is growing interest in applying generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) to respond to electronic patient portal messages, particularly in primary care where message volumes are highest. However, evaluations of GenAI as an inbox communication tool are limited. Qualitative analysis of when and how often GenAI responses achieve communication goals can inform estimates of impact and guide continuous improvement.

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Formative Evaluation of Digital Health Interventions

Despite evidence that use of patient portals and telehealth is associated with increased health knowledge, patient satisfaction, and preventive services use, disparities exist in awareness, adoption, and use. Populations with lower digital literacy access and skills largely overlap with the populations known to experience poor health outcomes, and these problems can be mutually exacerbating. Understanding factors and strategies specific to these populations is key to achieving digital equity and better health.

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Development and Evaluation of Research Methods, Instruments and Tools

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major concern in drug safety and the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) provides valuable ADR data. However, analyzing FAERS data is complex and requires bioinformatics expertise. Despite the vast amount of ADR data available, there is a lack of user-friendly tools that enable efficient visualization and comparison of ADRs for researchers and healthcare professionals.

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Formative Evaluation of Digital Health Interventions

Artificial intelligence (AI) models are increasingly being developed to improve the efficiency of pathological diagnoses. Rapid technological advancements are leading to more widespread availability of AI models that can be used by domain-specific experts (ie, pathologists and medical imaging professionals). This study presents an innovative AI model for the classification of colon polyps, developed using AutoML algorithms that are readily available from cloud-based machine learning platforms. Our aim was to explore if such AutoML algorithms could generate robust machine learning models that are directly applicable to the field of digital pathology.

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Early Results from COVID-19 Studies

Social media listening can be leveraged to obtain authentic perceptions about events, their impact, guidelines and policies. There has been to date no research that has examined coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients’ experiences from diagnosis to treatment using social media listening in the United Kingdom.

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Formative Evaluation of Digital Health Interventions

Every year, around 1.8 million people in the UK are referred to NHS Talking Therapies services, predominantly for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) which is the first-line treatment for common affective and anxiety disorders. However, more than a million of these do not complete their course. Supporting this ‘missing million’ to attend and complete CBT is a policy priority.

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Formative Evaluation of Digital Health Interventions

Wearable Internet of Things (IoT) devices are powerful tools for remotely collecting intensive longitudinal data. The TDK Silmee W22, a wristband-type wearable IoT device with a built-in 3-axis acceleration sensor, provides minute-by-minute physical activity data such as estimated metabolic equivalents (METs) and step counts. These measurements can be aggregated to daily estimates; however, their accuracies have not been fully explored in adults under free-living settings.

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Formative Evaluation of Digital Health Interventions

Consumer-grade wearables, such as Fitbits, are a promising, cost-effective methodology for objectively assessing sleep and physical activity in youth with pain.

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Formative Evaluation of Digital Health Interventions

Older adult mistreatment occurs in many as one-half of dementia care partners. Psychological mistreatment is the most common form of older adult mistreatment by family caregivers and is known to create mental health morbidities among care recipients. The Knowledge and Interpersonal Skills to Develop Enhanced Relationships (KINDER) intervention is among the first older adult mistreatment prevention interventions focused on family caregivers. KINDER was designed to prevent psychological mistreatment of older adults. Caregivers found the initial asynchronous web-based version (KINDER 1.0) to be acceptable but expressed a desire to engage with other family caregivers. KINDER was revised to integrate 3 facilitated small group discussion sessions conducted by videoconference. This study examines the acceptability of a revised KINDER intervention. This research addresses the extent to which caregivers find a novel approach to older adult mistreatment prevention to be acceptable.

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Preprints Open for Peer-Review

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