Performance of DeepSeek-R1, ChatGPT (GPT-o3-mini), and Gemini 2.0 Flash on German Medical Multiple-Choice Questions: Comparative Evaluation

Annika Meyer   ¹ , Dr med ;   Yassin Karay   ² , Dr rer med ;   Andrea U Steinbicker   ¹ , Prof Dr Med ;   Thomas Streichert   ³ , Prof Dr Med ;   Remco Overbeek   ¹ , Dr med

¹ Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

² Dean’s Office for Student Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

³ Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany