Published on in Vol 9 (2025)

1 Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
2 Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
3 AESOP Technology Inc, Taipei, Taiwan
4 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
5 School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
6 International Center for Health Information and Technology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
7 Department of Dermatology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
8 Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
*these authors contributed equally