Clinical Accuracy, Relevance, Clarity, and Emotional Sensitivity of Large Language Models to Surgical Patient Questions: Cross-Sectional Study

Mert Marcel Dagli   ¹ , MD ;   Felix Conrad Oettl   ^{2, 3} , MD ;   Jaskeerat Gujral   ¹ ;   Kashish Malhotra   ⁴ , MBBS ;   Yohannes Ghenbot   ¹ , MD ;   Jang W Yoon   ¹ , MD ;   Ali K Ozturk   ¹ , MD ;   William C Welch   ¹ , MD

¹ Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States

² Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States

³ Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland

⁴ Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom