JMIR Formative Research

Process evaluations, early results, and feasibility/pilot studies of digital and non-digital interventions

Editor-in-Chief:

Amaryllis Mavragani, PhD, Scientific Editor at JMIR Publications, Canada


Impact Factor 2.1 CiteScore 3.5

JMIR Formative Research (JFR, ISSN 2561-326X) publishes peer-reviewed, openly accessible papers containing results from process evaluations, feasibility/pilot studies and other kinds of formative research and preliminary results. While the original focus was on the design of medical- and health-related research and technology innovations, JMIR Formative Research publishes studies from all areas of medical and health research.

Formative research is research that occurs before a program is designed and implemented, or while a program is being conducted. Formative research can help

  • define and understand populations in need of an intervention or public health program
  • create programs that are specific to the needs of those populations
  • ensure programs are acceptable and feasible to users before launching
  • improve the relationship between users and agencies/research groups
  • demonstrate the feasibility, use, satisfaction with, or problems with a program before large-scale summative evaluation (looking at health outcomes)

Many funding agencies will expect some sort of pilot/feasibility/process evaluation before funding a larger study such as a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT).

Formative research should be an integral part of developing or adapting programs and should be used while the program is ongoing to help refine and improve program activities. Thus, formative evaluation can and should also occur in the form of a process evaluation alongside a summative evaluation such as an RCT.

JMIR Formative Research fills an important gap in the academic journals landscape, as it publishes sound and peer-reviewed formative research that is critical for investigators to apply for further funding, but that is usually not published in outcomes-focused medical journals aiming for impact and generalizability.

Summative evaluations of programs and apps/software that have undergone a thorough formative evaluation before launch have a better chance to be published in high-impact flagship journals; thus, we encourage authors to submit - as a first step - their formative evaluations in JMIR Formative Research (and their evaluation protocols to JMIR Research Protocols). 

JMIR Formative Research is indexed in MEDLINEPubMed, PubMed CentralDOAJ, Scopus, Sherpa/Romeo, EBSCO/EBSCO Essentials, and the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI).

JMIR Formative Research received a Journal Impact Factor of 2.1 according to the latest release of the Journal Citation Reports from Clarivate, 2025.

With a CiteScore of 3.5 (2024) JMIR Formative Research is a Q2 journal in the field of Medicine (miscellaneous), according to Scopus data.

Recent Articles

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Formative Evaluation of Digital Health Interventions

Complimentary subscriptions to UpToDate, a decision support tool, were provided to community health workers (CHWs) in rural and remote primary care sites as part of a government-funded health system research program. A feasibility evaluation conducted after the first year of implementation showed that UpToDate was acceptable among CHWs despite infrastructural barriers.

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Development and Evaluation of Research Methods, Instruments and Tools

Bipolar disorder requires immediate and frequent daily symptom monitoring due to its extreme mood fluctuations. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) technology uses high-frequency data collection to achieve ecologically valid capture of patient symptoms. Investigating EMA compliance among Chinese patients with bipolar disorder and its influencing factors is essential for developing more feasible daily symptom monitoring protocols.

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Early Results from COVID-19 Studies

Digital vaccination campaigns are increasingly used to address declining vaccine confidence, yet evidence from large-scale, real-world interventions in middle-income countries is limited. Meta’s Brand Lift Studies (BLS), which use randomized test–control exposure, provide Bayesian esti-mates of attitudinal shifts resulting from digital content. Mexico, with over 88.6 million active internet users, provides a setting to evaluate the impact of targeted campaigns on vaccine atti-tudes.

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Formative Evaluation of Digital Health Interventions

Biomedical research studies are increasingly using digital to enroll, recruit and collect data from participants. However, variability in digital literacy and technological acceptance can be challenging for recruitment from groups traditionally underrepresented in research, including those served by Federally Qualified Health Centers.

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Pilot studies (non-ehealth)

Although sexual exploration is normative during adolescence, sexual activities that are unprotected and occur under the influence of substances can pose significant risks to young people. Youth exposed to adversity are among the groups most vulnerable to sexual risk-taking in adolescence. Selective interventions that consider lived experiences and the local context may help reduce sexual risk-taking among this population.

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Research Letter

This study demonstrates that GPT-4o outperforms traditional natural language processing methods in accurately analyzing patient sentiment toward atopic dermatitis treatments on Reddit, enabling more nuanced and reliable extraction of real-world patient perspectives from large-scale social media data.

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Formative Evaluation of Digital Health Interventions

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading global cause of mortality, yet traditional electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation suffers from subjective variability and limited sensitivity to complex pathologies.

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Pilot studies (ehealth)

In 2020, the global prevalence of overweight and obesity was approximately 42%. One of the most common associated conditions is type 2 diabetes mellitus, which had a global prevalence of around 10.5% in 2021. Digital health applications (DiHA), which can be prescribed as certified medical devices in Germany, have been shown to effectively support disease management in patients with overweight and diabetes mellitus. However, little is known about DiHA-prescribing behavior of health care providers (HCPs) specializing in hormones and metabolism or about potential barriers to prescribing these applications.

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Early Results from COVID-19 Studies

Long COVID encompasses a range of health problems that can be highly debilitating. While some research has relied on self-reported measures of symptoms and functioning, few studies have characterized symptoms in relation to behaviors and physiology measured objectively through wearable devices.

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Pilot studies (non-ehealth)

Topical steroid withdrawal (TSW) is a controversial skin condition among healthcare providers due to lack of evidence, but it has an impactful and growing presence on social media. There are few previous reports of healthcare utilisation for symptoms attributed to TSW.

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Formative Evaluation of Non-Ehealth Innovations

Health care professionals must stay updated with the latest guidelines for basic life support (BLS) and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) to effectively assist patients during cardiac emergencies. Since its launch in 2018, the Ghana Heart Initiative has significantly enhanced the skills and knowledge of health care professionals in managing cardiovascular diseases, including cardiac emergencies.

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Preprints Open for Peer-Review

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