Clinical Evaluation of the Clinical Reasoning Process of Large Language Models in Nephrology: Comparative Evaluation Study

Yuichiro Yano   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Hiroaki Kakizaki   ³ ;   Hajime Nagasu   ⁴ , MD, PhD ;   Seiji Kishi   ⁴ , MD, PhD ;   Takeo Koshida   ⁵ , MD, PhD ;   Yoshihito Nihei   ⁵ , MD, PhD ;   Akira Hirano   ⁴ , MD, PhD ;   Masaomi Nangaku   ⁶ , MD, PhD ;   Hirotake Mori   ¹ , MD, PhD ;   Toshio Naito   ¹ , MD, MBA, PhD ;   Mizuki Ohashi   ¹ , MD, PhD ;   Shoichi Maruyama   ⁷ , MD, PhD ;   Isao Matsui   ⁸ , MD, PhD ;   Yoshitaka Isaka   ⁸ , MD, PhD ;   Hirokazu Okada   ⁹ , MD, PhD ;   Yusuke Suzuki   ⁵ , MD, PhD ;   Naoki Kashihara   ⁴ , MD, PhD

¹ Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan

² Artificial Intelligence Incubation Farm, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tyoko, Japan

³ PeopleMedia, Inc, Osaka, Japan

⁴ Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan

⁵ Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan

⁶ Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

⁷ Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

⁸ Department of Nephrology, The University of Osaka, Suita, Osaka, Japan

⁹ Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan