Developing a Customizable Texting Intervention for Diabetes Self-Management: Participatory Design Approach

Stephanie A Robinson   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Popy Shell   ³ , MPH, CPH ;   Linda Am   ¹ , MPH ;   Courtney L Bilodeau   ¹ , MPH, RDN ;   Howard S Gordon   ^{4, 5} , MD ;   Constance R Uphold   ^{3, 6} , PhD, ARNP ;   Varsha G Vimalananda   ^{1, 7} , MD, MPH ;   Sarah L Cutrona   ^{1, 8} , MD, MPH ;   Timothy P Hogan   ^{1, 9} , PhD ;   Bridget Smith   ¹⁰ , PhD ;   Stephanie L Shimada   ^{1, 8, 11} , PhD

¹ Center for Health Optimization and Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, United States

² The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States

³ Malcolm Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainseville, FL, United States

⁴ Jesse Brown Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States

⁵ Department of Academic Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States

⁶ Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States

⁷ Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States

⁸ Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States

⁹ Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Worcester, MA, United States

¹⁰ VA Hines Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Hines, IL, United States

¹¹ Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States