Published on in Vol 9 (2025)

1 Program in Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
2 Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
3 Massachusetts AI and Technology Center, Manning College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
4 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
5 Division of Health System Science, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
6 Division of Health Informatics and Implementation Science, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
*these authors contributed equally