Assessment of Clinical Metadata on the Accuracy of Retinal Fundus Image Labels in Diabetic Retinopathy in Uganda: Case-Crossover Study Using the Multimodal Database of Retinal Images in Africa

Simon Arunga   ^{1 *} , MD, PhD ;   Katharine Elise Morley   ^{2 *} , MD, MPH ;   Teddy Kwaga   ¹ , MD, MMed ;   Michael Gerard Morley   ³ , ScM, MD ;   Luis Filipe Nakayama   ^{4, 5} , MD, PhD ;   Rogers Mwavu   ⁶ , BIT, MSIS ;   Fred Kaggwa   ⁷ , PhD ;   Julius Ssempiira   ⁸ , PhD ;   Leo Anthony Celi   ^{5, 9, 10} , MD, MPH, MSc ;   Jessica E Haberer   ² , MD, MS ;   Celestino Obua   ¹¹ , MD, MSc, PhD

¹ Department of Ophthalmology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda

² Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

³ Harvard Ophthalmology AI Lab, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

⁴ Ophthalmology Department, Sao Paulo Federal University, Sao Paulo, Brazil

⁵ Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States

⁶ Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Department of Information Technology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda

⁷ Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Department of Computer Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda

⁸ School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

⁹ Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

¹⁰ Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States

¹¹ Department of Pharmacology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda

*these authors contributed equally