iCanCope PostOp: User-Centered Design of a Smartphone-Based App for Self-Management of Postoperative Pain in Children and Adolescents

Kathryn A Birnie   ^{1, 2} , BA, PhD ;   Fiona Campbell   ³ , BSc, MD, FRCA ;   Cynthia Nguyen   ¹ , MPH ;   Chitra Lalloo   ¹ , BHsc, PhD ;   Argerie Tsimicalis   ^{4, 5} , PhD, RN ;   Clyde Matava   ³ , MB, ChB, MMed ;   Joseph Cafazzo   ^{6, 7, 8} , PhD, PEng ;   Jennifer Stinson   ^{1, 2} , PhD, RN, CPNP

¹ Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

² Lawrence S Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

³ Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁴ Ingram School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

⁵ Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada

⁶ Centre for Global eHealth Innovations, Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁷ Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁸ Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada