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Skip search results from other journals and go to results- 5 Journal of Medical Internet Research
- 3 JMIR Formative Research
- 3 JMIR mHealth and uHealth
- 2 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance
- 2 JMIR Research Protocols
- 2 JMIR Serious Games
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Reactivity to Smoking Cues in a Social Context: Virtual Reality Experiment
One of the diagnostic criteria for tobacco use disorder is craving [2], which describes the strong urge or desire to smoke. Craving is a well-established driver of smoking behavior [3,4] and relapse after smoking cessation [5].
A meta-analysis on cue-reactivity in smokers shows that the presentation of smoking-related cues can induce craving for cigarettes and that self-reported craving is a valuable index for cue-reactivity, as effect sizes were robust across different moderators.
JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e71285
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For instance, Craving to Quit, a module-based mindfulness smartphone app, showed promise, although there were no significant differences between craving to quit and the comparison condition (inactive attention control) on biochemically-verified abstinence at 6 months (9.8% vs 12.1%) [15].
JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2025;13:e55379
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In a larger study (N=20), we evaluated whether 2 neurofeedback training sessions for VTA downregulation reduced craving for internet gaming.
We recruited young participants with IGD risk through social media–based advertisements. In study 1, 9 participants performed a gaming video–based cue-reactivity task (Multimedia Appendix 1, Figure S1) to establish the association between VTA cue-reactivity and IGD symptom level [5].
J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e64687
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Subjective craving before and after the VR paradigm was assessed via the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire–Short Form (TCQ-SF) [55], modified to reference participants’ preferred nicotine product (eg, e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes).
JMIR Serious Games 2024;12:e54220
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Craving is an important factor that contributes to relapse [4] and is considered one of the diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence [5,6]. Craving correlates positively with the amount of alcohol consumed and can serve as a measure of relapse likelihood [7-9]. Both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments are used to reduce craving and thereby prevent relapse [10-12].
Craving is triggered, among other reasons, by addiction-associated stimuli.
JMIR Form Res 2023;7:e42194
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Scores ranged from 0 to 100, with 0 representing no craving whatsoever and 100 representing the strongest craving one has ever had.
Data were analyzed using STATA (version 17; Stata Corp). Using descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, and depending on the distributional assumption, means, SDs, medians, and IQRs, we described the study sample overall and by subgroup (MSM vs non-MSM).
JMIR Form Res 2023;7:e45717
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Nicotine craving specifically has been shown to predict lapse to cigarette smoking following cessation [5,6] and is frequently identified by individuals as an important barrier to quitting and maintaining abstinence [7]. Thus, craving represents a clinically important phenotype of nicotine addiction [8] with great potential for intervention.
JMIR Serious Games 2022;10(1):e32243
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Previous studies indicate that mindfulness training may reduce cigarette craving and withdrawal [22,23], aid in smoking cessation [24,25], and support recovery from lapses following a quit attempt [26].
JMIR Res Protoc 2021;10(11):e32521
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The relationship between craving and substance use is difficult to measure with accuracy because of the transient nature of craving [17]. Further, substance use can be episodic and is often shaped by mood and context (eg, social setting) [18]. Therefore, in order to more accurately capture the daily patterns associated with substance use, methodological approaches that overcome these challenges should be leveraged.
JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021;7(4):e23872
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Ultimately, the intervention aims to prevent cravings from transitioning into gambling episodes by identifying when a consumer is experiencing a craving (via EMA) and subsequently providing strategies to manage their craving in the moment (via EMI).
J Med Internet Res 2021;23(3):e25786
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