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The multiple-choice section addressed gender, education, and occupation, as well as preferences for interaction mode (text or digital human), chatbot appearance (human-like or avatar), content topics, level of personalization, and personality traits (eg, friendly vs neutral, personal vs clinical).
JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e66163
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Virtual Humans in Virtual Reality Mental Health Research: Systematic Review
Virtual bodies focus on body representation, either by depicting a range of body types [1] or serving as the user’s avatar for embodiment experiences [40].
Agency refers to the state or entity of taking action or exerting control [41] and can be categorized as avatars and virtual agents (VAs).
An avatar is a digital representation controlled by a user, serving as their own body in a different medium, for example, in a virtual environment [41].
JMIR XR Spatial Comput 2025;2:e75087
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It was reported that patients with autism have shown benefits, such as being able to resemble the movements of the avatar [31]; improved the ability to recognize and express basic emotions [32]; and increased the capability for social interactions by practicing verbal and nonverbal behavior in virtual reality environments [33]. Autistic children who exhibit toe walking are generally not classified as ITW, and additional considerations may be needed for their cognitive and behavioral differences.
JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol 2025;12:e60867
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One crucial limitation common to all currently available VR interventions for SUDs remains that the environments used are predefined situations and dialogues are not in real time with an avatar. The scenarios could consequently not be personalized to the patient’s needs.
To improve the effectiveness of CUD treatments for people with SMD, our research team has developed the avatar intervention for CUD.
JMIR Ment Health 2024;11:e58499
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The patient was very quick to adopt the product and was intuitively able to choose her avatar, engage with the clinician, as well as proceed with selecting the clinician’s avatar. The patient was also given the opportunity to choose her scene selection for this case study only.
The scenes used for the 2 D experience were Alpine, Forest, Shrine, and Tundra. TF-CBT interventions used were affective modulation and cognitive coping.
JMIR Form Res 2023;7:e34346
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Pino et al [32] concluded that children with autism experience less difficulties with recognizing emotions expressed by avatars as opposed to real images, and through eye tracking it was discovered that avatar faces were more explored than real faces. However, creating avatars with ecological valid expressions remains a possible challenge. Emotion expressions in general or specific populations do not necessarily differ per se.
JMIR Form Res 2023;7:e44632
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In short, the participants had to steer an owl avatar on a predefined path made up of stars by the isolated movement of 1 selected target joint. The path consisted of upward and downward curves, lasted 30 seconds, and was presented on a screen placed in front of the participants (Figures 1 A and 1 B). Six pairs of 3 D accelerometers were positioned bilaterally over the hip, knee, and ankle joints (Reha-Stim Medtec AG; Figure 1 C).
JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol 2022;9(4):e39687
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As the spatial immersion into the IVR avatar and implementation of plausible actions (eg, controls) can evoke realistic behaviors [16], we decided to look into three important components for embodiment illusions: (1) avatar appearance, (2) controller-based locomotion, and (3) object manipulation.
In the following sections, we examine related studies concerning (1) avatar immersion, (2) controller-based locomotion, and (3) object manipulation.
JMIR Serious Games 2022;10(4):e39966
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The point-cloud data were then simplified into 3 D geometry and texture of each participant’s face, and then their 3 D face model was merged with an existing virtual avatar body. Finally, the participants’ body sizes were applied to a virtual avatar’s body to produce a personalized avatar. Figure 2 shows the process of the avatar creation.
Procedure for avatar creation. (A) 300 facial image data of diverse angles in 4 K resolution are acquired through a mobile device.
JMIR Serious Games 2022;10(4):e40119
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Importantly, observing a self-resembling avatar modeling an activity (eg, exercise) within a VR environment, as opposed to a generic avatar, differentially positively influences real-world behavior, thus increasing actual engagement with the activity [29,36].
JMIR Form Res 2022;6(10):e36275
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