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Development and Evaluation of a Patient–Family Caregiver Dyad mHealth Intervention for Heart Failure Self-Care: Quasi-Experimental Study

Development and Evaluation of a Patient–Family Caregiver Dyad mHealth Intervention for Heart Failure Self-Care: Quasi-Experimental Study

Son and Won [17] evaluated the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the EHFSc BS-9 with Korean patients with HF. The scale consists of 9 questions. Each item is given a score from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much so). The overall score ranges from 9 to 45. Higher scores indicate greater levels of self-care behavior. For this study, the Cronbach α was 0.76 to 0.88.

Youn-Jung Son, JiYeon Choi, Hyue Mee Kim, Hoyoun Won, Jong-Chan Youn, Sang-Wook Kim, Wang-Soo Lee, Jun Hwan Cho, Kyung‑Taek Park, Joonhwa Hong, Da-Young Kim

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e74922