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The digital readiness items were derived from the tool developed by Kim et al [27]. The self-efficacy measurement tool for using digital media systems was based on research by Hong et al [28], with subsequent translation and modification by Kim [29] into Korean, which the researcher further adapted for this study.
J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e69190
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The STOPS, developed by Kim and Grunig [15], builds on the earlier situational theory of publics to shift the focus from public engagement to individual cognitive and behavioral problem solving through communication. The STOPS conceptualizes individuals as active problem solvers who seek to address issues and their consequences [19]. The theory examines how problem recognition influences communicative behavior in problematic situations.
J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e73677
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The Cronbach α for the STAI in Kim and Shin’s [30] Korean version was 0.92, and it was also 0.92 in this study.
Stress related to preterm labor was assessed using an instrument developed by Kim [31]. This tool consists of 17 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with total scores ranging from 17 to 85. Higher scores indicate higher levels of stress. The Cronbach α value was 0.79 in Kim’s original study [31], and 0.79 in this study as well.
J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e75585
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Yi et al [31] reported a mean depression score of 15.55 (SD 11.87) in Korean female college students, and Kim and Park [32] reported a mean score of 17.31 (SD 8.29) in Korean college students. As a cutoff score of 13 indicates a risk of clinical depression [29], most studies have found the average depression level in Korean young adults to be relatively high.
JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e71485
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