JMIR Formative Research
Process evaluations, early results, and feasibility/pilot studies of digital and non-digital interventions
Editor-in-Chief:
Amaryllis Mavragani, PhD, Scientific Editor at JMIR Publications, Canada
Impact Factor 2.1 More information about Impact Factor CiteScore 3.5 More information about CiteScore
Recent Articles


This study evaluates the dynamic clinical reasoning of 4 leading large language models in complex nephrology cases, demonstrating that while Gemini 2.5 Pro achieved the highest reasoning scores and computational efficiency, all tested models excelled at static data synthesis but shared vulnerabilities in formulating nuanced differential diagnoses and in prospective clinical planning.

Type 2 diabetes is a major public health concern in older adults. Healthy lifestyles, such as physical activity and healthy eating, are effective strategies for diabetes self-management. Increasing evidence shows that health technologies can promote healthy lifestyles for diabetes management. However, limited research has evaluated their use among older adults with type 2 diabetes.



Smoking continues to be a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality, and more than 480,000 Americans die annually due to smoking-related illness attributable to smoking and secondhand smoke. More advanced, responsive, and tailored digital interventions using machine learning and artificial intelligence may be a valuable tool for successful smoking cessation referrals.

With the increasing burden of chronic diseases, self-management education (SME) is crucial. Traditional SME based on face-to-face delivery by clinicians is resource-intensive, and general digital tools such as web-based platforms often provide limited interactivity for patient learning. Although chatbots based on large language models (LLMs) show promise in interactivity, their real-world effectiveness lacks empirical evidence.

Despite increasing smartphone penetration worldwide, personalized mHealth (mobile health) care interventions remain largely untapped for the support of people with tuberculosis. An evidence-based multifeature smartphone platform for HIV care tailored and widely implemented in the United States may enhance treatment quality and completion in the Kilimanjaro context.


Chemotherapy-related toxicities often lead to unscheduled health care use and diminished quality of life. Digital health interventions, such as chatbots, offer a scalable solution for supportive care; however, evidence regarding their effectiveness in resource-limited, low- and middle-income settings remains limited.
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