JMIR Formative Research

Optic disc tilt is a morphological change in myopic eyes that complicates clinical interpretation and artificial intelligence (AI)–based analysis of fundus images. Accurate detection of optic disc tilt is necessary to avoid misinterpretation of disc morphology and enhance diagnostic reliability across different disease types.

Postoperative pain and anxiety remain common concerns after minimally invasive gynecologic surgery despite advances in surgical techniques and analgesic strategies. Virtual reality (VR) has been investigated as a potential nonpharmacological intervention for pain management; however, evidence in gynecologic postoperative settings is limited.

Depression in older adults is often underdiagnosed due to atypical symptom presentation and generational stigma, leading to delayed intervention. Early identification of individuals at risk of developing elevated depressive symptoms is therefore critical, but traditional approaches show limited predictive accuracy. To date, no study has applied machine learning (ML) models to predict clinically significant depressive symptoms at 2-year follow-up in older adults in the United Kingdom using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Moreover, the impact of encoding strategies for categorical health care variables has not been examined.

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and medical big data into health care is transforming diagnosis, treatment planning, and research. However, formal education in these areas remains limited in undergraduate medical curricula, particularly in China.

Pneumonia remains the leading cause of mortality in individuals aged 5 years or younger globally, with India bearing a disproportionately high burden. The introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in India necessitated innovative approaches to support frontline health workers (FLHWs), particularly in remote settings. To address this, a customizable WhatsApp-based PCV chatbot was developed as a complementary tool to traditional training and reference materials.

Case formulation (CF) is a core skill for therapists; however, creating high-quality CFs requires considerable time.

Recovery support services (RSS) are an evidence-based approach to support recovery from substance use disorders, most often composed of peer-to-peer support, referrals to housing, job training, and other forms of prosocial engagement and activities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, RSS providers quickly converted in-person services to digital delivery to avoid disruption. It is unclear if this rapid conversion impacted the delivery of services or if this delivery model could enhance RSS reach and uptake more generally by extending the reach of RSS providers and offering an alternative delivery method and access point.

Cancer survivors often experience complex and coexisting emotions throughout diagnosis, treatment, and posttreatment life. Emotion classification of patient narratives may help in understanding survivorship experiences; however, evidence remains limited for multidimensional classification using cancer survivor interview narratives.

The rapid growth of digital technologies has transformed daily activities, health management, and social interaction. Older adults, however, continue to face challenges in adopting and using these tools due to limited previous exposure, age-related sensory or cognitive decline, and low digital confidence. In Brazil, internet access among adults aged 60 years or older has increased, yet digital exclusion persists, worsening health disparities. Mobile health (mHealth) apps offer a potential strategy to promote digital inclusion, strengthen digital competencies, and support healthy aging. Nonetheless, studies show that culturally adapted, multidisciplinary interventions for this group remain scarce and are rarely assessed through both quantitative and qualitative methods.

Office work is increasingly carried out outside conventional office settings, particularly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This highlights the need to understand the complexity of aspects that may influence health across different office work environments.

Event-based digital health data and information exchange are a complex sociotechnical challenge because they rely on the existence of stable, shared meanings for care process concepts such as mandate, responsibility, episode boundaries, and referral, across clinical, administrative, financing, and technical stakeholders. International Organization for Standardization 13940:2015 System of Concepts to Support Continuity of Care (ContSys) provides a conceptual framework for continuity-of-care processes, but national translations and contextualization, along with their governance implications, remain largely undocumented in the scholarly literature.

Parkinson disease (PD) is a pervasive neurodegenerative disorder globally, largely characterized by motor symptoms. Most existing artificial intelligence models for PD detection are trained on participants in well-resourced settings with confirmed clinical diagnoses. However, specialist-confirmed labels are often infeasible in low-resource settings.