TY  - JOUR
AU  - Hanai, Akiko
AU  - Ishikawa, Tetsuo
AU  - Sugao, Shoko
AU  - Fujii, Makoto
AU  - Hirai, Kei
AU  - Watanabe, Hiroko
AU  - Matsuzaki, Masayo
AU  - Nakamoto, Goji
AU  - Takeda, Toshihiro
AU  - Kitabatake, Yasuji
AU  - Itoh, Yuichi
AU  - Endo, Masayuki
AU  - Kimura, Tadashi
AU  - Kawakami, Eiryo
PY  - 2024
DA  - 2024/2/7
TI  - Explainable Machine Learning Classification to Identify Vulnerable Groups Among Parenting Mothers: Web-Based Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study
JO  - JMIR Form Res
SP  - e47372
VL  - 8
KW  - explainable machine-learning
KW  - unsupervised clustering
KW  - perceived support
KW  - resilience
KW  - adaptation
KW  - mother’s health
KW  - mobile phone
KW  - machine learning
KW  - web-based
KW  - parenting
KW  - postpartum
KW  - antenatal
KW  - survey
KW  - mother
KW  - women
KW  - newborn
KW  - psychosocial
KW  - infant
KW  - parents
KW  - children
KW  - depression
KW  - digital health
KW  - maternal
AB  - Background: One life event that requires extensive resilience and adaptation is parenting. However, resilience and perceived support in child-rearing vary, making the real-world situation unclear, even with postpartum checkups. Objective: This study aimed to explore the psychosocial status of mothers during the child-rearing period from newborn to toddler, with a classifier based on data on the resilience and adaptation characteristics of mothers with newborns. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted. Mothers with newborns aged approximately 1 month (newborn cohort) were analyzed to construct an explainable machine learning classifier to stratify parenting-related resilience and adaptation characteristics and identify vulnerable populations. Explainable k-means clustering was used because of its high explanatory power and applicability. The classifier was applied to mothers with infants aged 2 months to 1 year (infant cohort) and mothers with toddlers aged >1 year to 2 years (toddler cohort). Psychosocial status, including depressed mood assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), bonding assessed by the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), and sleep quality assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) between the classified groups, was compared. Results: A total of 1559 participants completed the survey. They were split into 3 cohorts, comprising populations of various characteristics, including parenting difficulties and psychosocial measures. The classifier, which stratified participants into 5 groups, was generated from the self-reported scores of resilience and adaptation in the newborn cohort (n=310). The classifier identified that the group with the greatest difficulties in resilience and adaptation to a child’s temperament and perceived support had higher incidences of problems with depressed mood (relative prevalence [RP] 5.87, 95% CI 2.77-12.45), bonding (RP 5.38, 95% CI 2.53-11.45), and sleep quality (RP 1.70, 95% CI 1.20-2.40) compared to the group with no difficulties in perceived support. In the infant cohort (n=619) and toddler cohort (n=461), the stratified group with the greatest difficulties had higher incidences of problems with depressed mood (RP 9.05, 95% CI 4.36-18.80 and RP 4.63, 95% CI 2.38-9.02, respectively), bonding (RP 1.63, 95% CI 1.29-2.06 and RP 3.19, 95% CI 2.03-5.01, respectively), and sleep quality (RP 8.09, 95% CI 4.62-16.37 and RP 1.72, 95% CI 1.23-2.42, respectively) compared to the group with no difficulties. Conclusions: The classifier, based on a combination of resilience and adaptation to the child’s temperament and perceived support, was able identify psychosocial vulnerable groups in the newborn cohort, the start-up stage of childcare. Psychosocially vulnerable groups were also identified in qualitatively different infant and toddler cohorts, depending on their classifier. The vulnerable group identified in the infant cohort showed particularly high RP for depressed mood and poor sleep quality. 
SN  - 2561-326X
UR  - https://formative.jmir.org/2024/1/e47372
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2196/47372
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38324356
DO  - 10.2196/47372
ID  - info:doi/10.2196/47372
ER  -