TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lauvsnes, Anders Dahlen Forsmo
AU  - Hansen, Tor Ivar
AU  - Ankill, Sebastian Øiungen
AU  - Bae, Sang Won
AU  - Gråwe, Rolf W
AU  - Braund, Taylor A
AU  - Larsen, Mark
AU  - Langaas, Mette
PY  - 2023
DA  - 2023/6/23
TI  - Mobile Assessments of Mood, Cognition, Smartphone-Based Sensor Activity, and Variability in Craving and Substance Use in Patients With Substance Use Disorders in Norway: Prospective Observational Feasibility Study
JO  - JMIR Form Res
SP  - e45254
VL  - 7
KW  - executive functioning
KW  - substance use disorder
KW  - ecological momentary assessment
KW  - clinical inference
KW  - substance use
KW  - pilot study
KW  - mood
KW  - mental health
KW  - neurocognitive functioning
KW  - smartphone use
KW  - mobile sensor
KW  - sensor
KW  - decision support
KW  - mobile phone
AB  - Background: Patients with substance use disorders (SUDs) are at increased risk for symptom deterioration following treatment, with up to 60% resuming substance use within the first year posttreatment. Substance use craving together with cognitive and mental health variables play important roles in the understanding of the trajectories from abstinence to substance use. Objective: This prospective observational feasibility study aims to improve our understanding of specific profiles of variables explaining SUD symptom deterioration, in particular, how individual variability in mental health, cognitive functioning, and smartphone use is associated with craving and substance use in a young adult clinical population. Methods: In this pilot study, 26 patients with SUDs were included at about 2 weeks prior to discharge from inpatient SUD treatment from 3 different treatment facilities in Norway. Patients underwent baseline neuropsychological and mental health assessments; they were equipped with smartwatches and they downloaded an app for mobile sensor data collection in their smartphones. Every 2 days for up to 8 weeks, the patients were administered mobile ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) to evaluate substance use, craving, mental health, cognition, and a mobile Go/NoGo performance task. Repeated EMAs as well as the smartphone’s battery use data were averaged across all days per individual and used as candidate input variables together with the baseline measures in models of craving intensity and the occurrence of any substance use episodes. Results: A total of 455 momentary assessments were completed out of a potential maximum of 728 assessments. Using EMA and baseline data as candidate input variables and craving and substance use as responses, model selection identified mean craving intensity as the most important predictor of having one or more substance use episodes and with variabilities in self-reported impulsivity, mental health, and battery use as significant explanatory variables of craving intensity. Conclusions: This prospective observational feasibility study adds novelty by collecting high-intensity data for a considerable period of time, including mental health data, mobile cognitive assessments, and mobile sensor data. Our study also contributes to our knowledge about a clinical population with the most severe SUD presentations in a vulnerable period during and after discharge from inpatient treatment. We confirmed the importance of variability in cognitive function and mood in explaining variability in craving and that smartphone usage may possibly add to this understanding. Further, we found that craving intensity is an important explanatory variable in understanding substance use episodes. 
SN  - 2561-326X
UR  - https://formative.jmir.org/2023/1/e45254
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2196/45254
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37351934
DO  - 10.2196/45254
ID  - info:doi/10.2196/45254
ER  -