@Article{info:doi/10.2196/67311,
author="Tang, Jun
and Li, Yang
and Luo, Keyu
and Lai, Jiangyuan
and Yin, Xiang
and Wu, Dongdong",
title="Application of the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers Model for Predicting the Abbreviated Injury Scale in Patients with Trauma: Algorithm Development and Validation Study",
journal="JMIR Form Res",
year="2025",
month="May",
day="29",
volume="9",
pages="e67311",
keywords="trauma; abbreviated injury scale; deep learning; diagnostic information; transformer model; validation study",
abstract="Background: Deaths related to physical trauma impose a heavy burden on society, and the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is an important tool for injury research. AIS covers injuries to various parts of the human body and scores them based on the severity of the injury. In practical applications, the complex AIS coding rules require experts to encode by consulting patient medical records, which inevitably increases the difficulty, time, and cost of evaluation of patient and also puts higher demands on the workload of information collection and processing. In some cases, the sheer number of patients or the inability to access detailed medical records necessary for coding further complicates independent AIS codes. Objective: This study aims to use advanced deep learning techniques to predict AIS codes based on easily accessible diagnostic information of patients to improve the accuracy of trauma assessment. Methods: We used a dataset of patients with trauma (n=26,810) collected by the Chongqing Daping Hospital between October 2013 and June 2024. We mainly selected the patient's diagnostic information, injury description, cause of injury, injury region, injury types, and present illness history as the key feature inputs. We used a robust optimization Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) pretraining method to embed these features and constructed a prediction model based on BERT. This model aims to predict AIS codes and comprehensively evaluate its performance through a 5-fold cross-validation. We compared the BERT model with previous research results and current mainstream machine learning methods to verify its advantages in prediction tasks. In addition, we also conducted external validation of the model using 244 external data points from the Chongqing Emergency Center. Results: The BERT model proposed in this paper performs significantly better than the comparison model on independent test datasets with an accuracy of 0.8971, which surpassed the previous study by 10 {\%} points. In addition, the area under the curve (AUC value of the BERT model is 0.9970, and the F1-score is 0.8434. In the external dataset, the accuracy, AUC, and F1-score results of the model are 0.7131, 0.8586, and 0.6801, respectively. These results indicate that our model has high generalization ability and prediction accuracy. Conclusions: The BERT model we proposed is mainly based on diagnostic information to predict AIS codes, and its prediction accuracy is superior to previous investigations and current mainstream machine learning methods. It has a high generalization ability in external datasets. ",
issn="2561-326X",
doi="10.2196/67311",
url="https://formative.jmir.org/2025/1/e67311",
url="https://doi.org/10.2196/67311"
}