@Article{info:doi/10.2196/65559,
author="Hagoort, Karin
and Smeets, Kirsten
and Koldijk, Saskia
and Scheepers, Floortje
and Velders, Fleur",
title="Collecting Real-Life Psychophysiological Data via Wearables to Better Understand Child Behavior in a Children's Psychiatric Center: Mixed Methods Study on Feasibility and Implementation",
journal="JMIR Form Res",
year="2025",
month="May",
day="30",
volume="9",
pages="e65559",
keywords="feasibility study; wearable technology; psychophysiological data; arousal; child psychiatry; aggressive behavior; implementation science; wearable; device; clinical care; feasibility; child; children; psychiatric center; psychiatry; mental health; aggression; observational; aggressive; behavior; wristband; psychophysiological arousal; interview; implementation",
abstract="Background: In the field of mental health care, the incorporation of wearable devices into routine clinical practice continues to face significant challenges, despite the presence of supporting scientific evidence. Crossing the wasteland between the trial world and the real world is full of obstacles that often only become apparent during the implementation process. Objective: The objective of this paper was to evaluate the feasibility of using wearables in real-world clinical settings for children with severe developmental problems to help understand and manage disruptive behavior and to gain insights for the development of forthcoming implementation strategies. Methods: A mixed methods design was used to examine two different aspects of the use of wearables in a clinical setting. The first quantitative part of this study focuses on the feasibility of using wearables to collect reliable data on psychophysiological measures during daily activities in children at a children's psychiatric center. The second qualitative part focuses on the evaluation of the implementation process using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to identify essential steps to successfully incorporate wearable technology in clinical care for children with severe behavioral problems. Empatica E4 wristbands collected data on children's psychophysiological arousal (eg, heart rate [HR] and skin conductance level [SCL]). Staff reported aggressive behavior and daily activities. Data were processed and visualized in a dashboard. User experiences were assessed through interviews with clinical staff. The implementation process was evaluated using the CFIR. Results: A total of 30 children (27 boys and 3 girls, aged 6 to 14 y; mean age 9.3 y, SD 1.95) wore the wearable for 5 consecutive days. As expected, the children found it easy to wear the device and the clinical staff predominantly expressed positive attitudes toward its use. The data collection proceeded relatively smoothly, and the collected data were of sufficient quality. In total, 315 observations of aggressive behavior were reported, including 54 red incidents (from 18 unique participants) and 261 orange incidents (from 26 unique participants). An exploratory analysis on the association between psychophysiological measures and aggressive behavior revealed that children's HR was significantly higher during aggressive incidents compared to nonaggressive incidents (P=.007). Although not statistically significant, there was a trend suggesting higher peaks per minute during aggressive incidents (P=.07). No significant differences between aggressive and nonaggressive incidents were found for SCL and movement (P=.33 and P=.60). The most challenging CFIR domains in our study were the ``characteristics of the intervention'' and ``the inner setting,'' reflected in the fact that that the majority of implementation activities were focused on these two domains. Conclusions: The use of wearables in a real-world study setting is considered feasible and valuable. However, for broader scaling in daily clinical practice, coherent actions on different domains of implementation are required. ",
issn="2561-326X",
doi="10.2196/65559",
url="https://formative.jmir.org/2025/1/e65559",
url="https://doi.org/10.2196/65559"
}