A 15-item survey was designed by the Department of Pediatric Surgery of the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE). The questionnaire (Multimedia Appendix 1) was developed independently in two ways. First, it was developed with regard to clinical practice in our hospital. Second, it was modified on the basis of the extant literature describing the effects of telemedicine on health care and patients [8,13,22-24].

It featured both single-choice and multiple-choice questions, gathering information about the patient’s place of residency, familial, as well as parents’ professional status. The survey inquired about an absence from work, school, and kindergarten to attend the scheduled appointment, as well as participants’ previous experiences with telemedicine and their willingness to engage in telemedical treatment.

Upon informed consent, the questionnaire was distributed during the scheduled presentation in the pediatric surgical clinic, between May and November 2023, and was completed by one of the caregivers.

All patients scheduled for an elective outpatient appointment, whether for initial or follow-up examinations, at the Department of Pediatric Surgery of the UKE were included in the study. Exclusion criteria comprised patients’ or custodians’ language barrier and patients’ age above 18 years. Patients with pediatric trauma conditions were also excluded from the study.

The study adhered to the principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration and received approval from the Hamburg Ethics Committee (2023‐101015-BO-ff). The inclusion of patients was carried out after the caregivers had been provided with information about the study and had given voluntary consent. Participants did not receive any financial compensation. Data were deidentified to safeguard participant information. Following the conclusion of the study, the data were anonymized.

Statistical analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel for macOS (version 16.59) and Prism 9 for macOS (version 9.5.0). The significance level was set at P<.05 for all statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics are presented in total numbers. Continuous variables were checked for deviation from normal distribution (Shapiro–Wilk test) for each comparison. Differences between groups were calculated using the χ² test or Fisher exact test. Missing data were excluded from the statistical calculation. A post hoc power analysis was performed to evaluate whether the available sample size (N=100) provided sufficient statistical precision for the primary outcome, defined as the proportion of caregivers expressing interest in telemedicine. Using the observed agreement rate of 90% and a conservative hypothetical reference proportion of 70%, the achieved power to detect such a difference was 99.7% at a two-sided α of .05. This indicates that the study was adequately powered to detect a clinically meaningful deviation from the reference proportion.

The manuscript was written based on the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology) cross-sectional checklist [25].

This survey showed a high level of interest among the patients’ caregivers in the implementation of telemedicine in pediatric surgery in Hamburg, a metropolis with a population of nearly two million people and a high density of medical professionals [26].

This finding is particularly significant in the context of current literature on telemedicine in pediatrics, which often focuses on providing medical expertise in rural areas [2,4,15,18-21]. Moreover, the present findings corroborate the favorable patient feedback concerning telemedicine documented in the existing literature [10,11]. However, a mere 15% of the participants stated previous experience with telemedicine, underscoring the necessity for additional research in order to establish and advance digitalization in these specialist areas.

Despite the overmentioned high level of interest, the results indicated that only slightly more than 50% of caregivers would select a primary telemedical consultation, even under the assumption that the standard of treatment would remain equivalent. It is thus reasonable to conclude that personal contact with the treating physician still plays a relevant role in pediatric medicine nowadays [14].

The influence of sociodemographic factors on families’ preference for a primary telemedical appointment (given equivalent quality to an in-person one) was analyzed. It is interesting to note that no significant differences were identified among subgroups defined by the distance between the subjects’ place of residence and the hospital. This suggests that the proximity to the nearest hospital does not influence the preference for primary telemedical treatment within the studied population. In previous studies, it has been displayed that telemedical treatment has the capacity to mitigate patients’ loss of work and wages, as well as less travel time [8,27]. A longer journey is generally more time-consuming, which could lead to the assumption that a telemedical appointment should be favored by those participants who live further away from the hospital [28].

Also, the number of children in a family did not impact caregivers’ desire to receive a primary telemedical consultation. 64% of the participants had more than one child; as it has been shown that mothers of two children have higher parenting stress than those with one child, we initially assumed that telehealth consultation would be preferred by those with more children [29]. Luchtenberg et al showed that the child-doctor relationship is characterized by intimacy and trust, which may not be fully achieved through virtual interaction [30]. When implementing telemedicine in pediatric medicine, it is therefore essential to establish a trusting and secure interaction between patient, their caregivers, and health care providers [31].

Furthermore, our results did not show a significant preference for telehealth consultation based on the caregiver’s employment status. Again, one could argue that, for example, self-employed caregivers are more dependent on their free time, therefore more likely to prefer a quicker, non-personal encounter. On the contrary, employed custodians showed a similar willingness compared to self-employed and non-employed ones.

Nearly 70% of the patients were accompanied to their appointments by female caregivers. This confirms a recent study which found that mothers are significantly more likely to be in charge in the cases of children’s medical appointments, both scheduled and not [32]. However, it should be noted that the questionnaire was only completed by one caregiver, despite the possible presence of both parents at the appointment. Consequently, it cannot be definitively established whether most patients were accompanied only by their mothers.

Regarding the question of whether patients’ caregivers would be willing to pay for a medical application, the findings of our study indicated a slight majority of 53% opting for free applications instead of paid ones. Existing instant messaging applications with a video-call function represent a viable option in this regard, on the condition that they follow data protection laws. Since approximately 90% of all participants would be willing to transmit photographs, this is of even greater significance.

It is imperative to acknowledge certain limitations in our study. The analysis did not consider the rejection rate, which could have provided a more comprehensive overview of general participation in the study, which is therefore susceptible to selection bias [33]. The documentation of possible reasons why legal guardians refused to participate could also have provided greater insight.

Due to the limited number of 100 participants, our results may not be representative, but rather provide a preliminary overview of the subject. In addition, as a university hospital and tertiary referral center, our patients’ spectrum is not fully comparable with that of other primary and secondary referral centers in Hamburg, located in other areas of the city. Moreover, the collective comprises a highly heterogeneous selection of patients who presented with a variety of diseases both pre- and postoperatively.

Caregivers of patients with other underlying conditions may have responded differently to our questionnaire. Further, the present study did not investigate whether different socio-economic or cultural aspects might influence the general willingness to use telemedicine in pediatric surgery [34]. A further potential limitation is the distribution period, which may be subject to a temporal or seasonal bias.

Methodically, our questionnaire contained only 15 items; it served as a cursory opinion survey, on whose basis more detailed follow-up studies can be tailored.

As previously stated, a mere fraction of the study’s participants had prior experience with telemedical applications. This limited experience may hinder one’s ability to envision how a telemedicine consultation would occur and whether it could match the quality of an in-person encounter. Anyway, the study population accurately reflects the current patient pool at our clinic, thereby ensuring the validity of the findings. The external validity of the study results applies only to a limited extent here, as country-specific regulations and infrastructure can have a decisive influence on the use of telemedicine.

In conclusion, the potential use of telemedicine in the treatment of pediatric surgical patients in urban areas and cities is perceived and viewed positively and is regarded as a welcome addition. We were able to show that a significant majority of caregivers had considerable interest in utilizing such measures, even in a big city with a high density of health care providers. This could be established through various means, including video consultations, preoperative consultations, post-operative follow-up checks with photographic documentation, and the further integration of artificial intelligence. The implementation of these measures has, for example, the potential to result in a reduction of visits to pediatric emergency departments or to support the transition of pediatric surgical patients to adult medicine [16,35,36]. In this context, it is essential to ensure that reimbursement by health insurance companies is guaranteed in order to offer telemedicine measures on a generalized and sustainable basis [37].

However, the study also evidenced that telemedicine does not play a significant role in the current day-to-day pediatric surgical treatment in Hamburg, the second largest city in Germany.

The necessity for the routine establishment of telemedical infrastructures is thus apparent. Further studies may elucidate how to correctly implement telemedicine in pediatric surgery, for example, by documenting parents’ and practitioners’ compliance as well as listing technical and legal obstacles.