The study was conducted between December 1 and 14, 2022. An online survey was designed to gather cross-sectional data. Completing the survey required approximately 30 minutes.

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). Participants were asked to provide signed informed consent within the online survey. Their participation was completely voluntary, without any reward, and they remained anonymous.

Participants were recruited by disseminating the study information to lists of individuals who self-reported having been diagnosed with fibromyalgia and had attended a multidisciplinary intervention for pain management or were awaiting such treatment in Barcelona (Spain). In total, 265 participants who confirmed that they were diagnosed with fibromyalgia provided signed informed consent and completed the survey.

A specific survey was created to achieve study objectives. Moreover, sociodemographic and pain-related variables (intensity of pain, impact/interference in activities of daily life, and fear of movement/injury beliefs) were assessed to study correlations and relations with the use of ICTs.

All data analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics version 25 (IBM Corporation). Descriptive statistics were computed for sociodemographic variables, pain-related variables, ICT tools used for pain management, satisfaction, and advantages and disadvantages. Next, bivariate correlations were computed to test potential relationships between study variables. These included the number of ICT tools used, the number of advantages/disadvantages of ICTs, the degree of satisfaction with each ICT tool listed, age, education level, time elapsed since diagnosis, and the results of the TSK-11, the FIQ-R, and the CPGS. Paired t tests were conducted to study differences in the number of ICT tools used and the number of advantages/disadvantages by some sociodemographic variables (ie, gender, living status [alone or accompanied], being in charge of relatives, and employment status).

The study sample comprised predominantly women, constituting 244 (92.1%) of the 265 participants, with a mean age 53.81 (SD 8.44) years. In addition, 189 (71.7%) participants had completed at least secondary school, and 117 (44.1%) were either unemployed or disabled for work. Finally, 224 (84.5%) participants resided with someone else, and nearly half were in charge of dependents.

Regarding fibromyalgia, 222 (83.8%) participants had symptoms of fibromyalgia for more than 5 years, and 166 (62.6%) were diagnosed more than 5 years ago (see Table 1).

Mean scores in the CPGS (characteristic pain intensity, pain-related disability), the TSK-11 (fear of movement/injury), and the FIQ-R (disability) were high. Considering grades computed by the CPGS, participants were classified into grade I (n=7, 2.5%), grade II (n=28, 10.6%), grade III (n=43, 16.1%), and grade IV (n=188, 70.8%). See Table 2 for details.

Participants reported having used a mean of 10.94 (SD 4.48) tools from a total of 14 tools. Of the 265 participants, 2 (0.75%) reported not having used any of the ICT tools listed (see Table 3). The most commonly used ICT tools were instant messaging apps (n=237, 89.4%), fibromyalgia management websites (n=234, 88.3%), phone calls with health professionals (n=228, 86%), and online multimedia resources (n=222, 83.8%), while the less frequently used ones were cameras to assess posture and movement progress (n=192, 72.5%), platforms for following symptoms or schedules (n=189, 71.3%), virtual reality (n=186, 70.2%), and video games (n=186, 70.2%).

The mean degree of satisfaction for all 14 ICT tools used was 2.09 (SD 0.38). Tools that received the highest satisfaction ratings were instant messaging apps (mean 2.69, SD 1.41), phone calls with health professionals (mean 2.58, SD 1.45), fibromyalgia management websites (mean 2.53, SD 1.30), and online multimedia resources (mean 2.40, SD 1.31), while the lowest satisfaction ratings were attributed to video games (mean 1.55, SD 1.08), virtual reality (mean 1.67, SD 1.12), cameras to assess posture and movement (mean 1.71, SD 1.12), and digital sensors (mean 1.78, SD 1.23). Specific results for all the ICT alternatives can be seen in Table 3.

Participants selected, on average, 1.99 (SD 1.31) advantages and 1.94 (SD 1.69) disadvantages. The most frequently selected perceived advantages of ICTs for pain management were the possibility of receiving treatment from home (n=156, 58.9%), access to specialized treatment (n=152, 57.4%), and use as a complement to face-to-face interventions (n=125, 47.2%). Conversely, the most frequent disadvantages were not having close contact with health professionals (n=132, 49.8%), not being able to express emotions and feelings (n=110, 41.5%), and a lack of knowledge or resources to use ICTs (n=80, 30.2%). See Table 4 for the complete list of advantages and disadvantages.

Regarding sociodemographic variables, older age was significantly correlated with a higher number of ICT tools used, a lower number of ICT-related advantages chosen, and lower satisfaction with many of the ICT tools listed (see Table 5). Higher levels of education were significantly correlated with a lower number of ICT tools used. However, higher education was significantly correlated with a greater number of advantages, fewer disadvantages, and a higher degree of satisfaction in relation to all the ICT tools listed (see Table 5).

Concerning pain-related variables, there was a significant correlation between fear of movement/injury (as assessed with the TSK-11) and a higher number of ICT tools used, as well as a greater number of disadvantages. There was also a significant negative correlation between TSK-11 scores and satisfaction with several ICT tools. Finally, FIQ-R scores were only significantly and positively related with the number of ICT tools used, along with scores from the CPGS Characteristic Pain Intensity Index, with lower satisfaction in the use of ICTs for tracking activity (see Table 5).

Results of the paired t tests conducted to compare the number of ICT tools used and the number of disadvantages reported were not significant when comparing between men and women and when comparing employment status (this variable was dichotomized in “unemployed” and “employed”). However, men pointed out significantly more advantages than women who participated in the survey (see Table 6). Additionally, when observing differences between people living alone versus people living with someone, it was found that those living alone significantly perceived more disadvantages than those living with someone. In addition, those who were not taking care of others perceived significantly more disadvantages than those who were.

The study’s findings shed light on how individuals with fibromyalgia engage with a variety of ICT tools and their overall satisfaction regarding these resources. Only 0.75% of our participants reported never having used any of the tools listed, and the average number of ICT tools used per person was quite high (mean 10.94, SD 4.48, of 14 tools presented, although there was a high level of dispersion). Although we asked for the tools’ use for pain management, the participants probably answered thinking about the use they made of the tools for health in general; additionally, we do not know the use they attributed to each tool. For example, they may have tried a specific tool only once. However, in any case, it seems that they were open to using ICTs and trying different alternatives. Among the most used tools were instant messaging apps (89.4%), fibromyalgia management websites (88.3%). phone calls with health professionals (86.0%), and online multimedia resources (83.8%).

In addition to their willingness to use different ICT tools, satisfaction rates were low for each tool, as well as the average satisfaction index (mean 2.09, SD 0.38). This suggests that there is still room for improvement in the design of ICT tools for pain management, which is in agreement with prior reports [12]. More specifically, tools that participants were most satisfied with were instant messaging apps (mean 2.69, SD 1.41), phone calls with health professionals (mean 2.58, SD 1.45), fibromyalgia management websites aimed (mean 2.53, SD 1.30), and online multimedia resources (mean 2.40, SD 1.31). Participants chose an average of 1.99 advantages (SD 1.31) fibromyalgia management, with the most frequent ones being the possibility of receiving treatment from home (58.9%), access to specialized treatment (57.4%), and use as a complement to face-to-face interventions (47.2%). However, they also found a mean of 1.94 disadvantages (SD 1.69) being, with the most frequent ones being not having close contact with health professionals (49.8%), not being able to express emotions and feelings (41.5%), and a lack of knowledge or resources to use ICTs (30.2%).

Altogether, our results are related to the few available studies in the field with regard to several points. First, ICT tools used by most participants and with the greatest satisfaction in our study are directly related to the possibility of being able to communicate with a health care professional, highlighting the need for these patients to maintain close contact with health professionals. In this same line, as mentioned before, the third-most frequently chosen advantage of ICTs in our study was the possibility to receive remote treatments as a complement to face-to-face interventions; however, the 2 main perceived disadvantages of ICTs were related to losing contact with health professionals. These results are consistent with those of Cranen et al [15] since their participants especially valued the possibility of carrying out intermediate treatments, alternating in-person with remote treatment. The results also coincide with the findings of Cranen et al [14], who pointed out that patients with chronic pain appreciate that online interventions, although positively valued, should not be stand-alone treatments and should be complemented with face-to-face sessions.

Second, we found that among the most used ICT tools were fibromyalgia management websites and online multimedia resources. In the same line, Merolli et al [27] also made an important allusion to the fact that patients with chronic pain positively value those ICTs that allow them to look up information on the internet, in addition to being able to consult medical test results and receive personalized alerts and reminders.

Third, the most commonly highlighted advantage of ICTs in our study was being able to receive treatment remotely, from the comfort of one’s home, which is logical since people with fibromyalgia often have difficulty moving. This is also reflected in the work of Schneider and Hadjistavropoulos [13], who pointed out that ICTs are especially beneficial for those with mobility difficulties, which has also been highlighted as a classical advantage of using ICTs for health (see, for example, the classical work by Griffiths et al [28]).

Finally, among our participants, the third-most commonly cited disadvantage was the apprehension about inadequate ICT usage due to a lack of knowledge or resources. This echoes the findings of Schneider and Hadjistavropoulos [13], emphasizing that individuals demonstrating more interest and a favorable inclination toward ICTs are precisely those with higher perceived technology self-efficacy.

In our study, we found relationships among some of the studied variables that had not been previously reported in the existing literature. Primarily, older participants tended to have used more ICT tools, although they also seemed to perceive fewer advantages and less satisfaction. This might indicate that older people have more difficulty selecting tools that better fit their needs, so they try other alternatives. In addition, a certain digital divide related to age may exist, since older participants may not be as familiar with the use of digital technologies as younger participants and may have some problems using them (due to a lack of knowledge) [29], which could translate into a greater tendency to reject the technologies (and being related with higher dissatisfaction) or be inclined toward more “traditional” methods.

The opposite occurred regarding educational level: a significant negative correlation was found between the level of education and the number of ICT tools used. This phenomenon may be attributed to the enhanced knowledge of individuals who have access to superior educational levels, possibly resulting in being more selective when choosing between the wide range of ICTs at their disposal. Additionally, it should be noted that a relevant correlation was also found between educational level and the number of advantages/disadvantages selected regarding the use of ICTs; the higher the educational level of the participants, the more advantages and fewer disadvantages mentioned. This could be because education could have made it easier for these people to learn to better use technological devices and to know how to make better use of ICTs, in general terms, which would be reflected in their general opinion of ITCs and encourage them to adopt a favorable perspective regarding them. This previous idea would also be reinforced by the significant positive correlation that was found between the level of education and the degree of satisfaction with all the ICT tools listed in our study; by making better use of ICTs, overall satisfaction may have also improved for these participants.

Men reported significantly more advantages than women. This probably indicates a higher predisposition to use ICT tools for pain management. In contrast, results of Schneider and Hadjistavropoulos [13] revealed a higher level of interest in ICTs among female participants. Further investigation is needed regarding these findings because our sample was predominantly formed by women, and this result is difficult to interpret without prior studies having reported conclusive data on this subject. Finally, those living alone and those who were not taking care of others perceived significantly more disadvantages. The reasons for these differences merit further research since they are difficult to interpret.

Concerning pain-related variables, a negative correlation was found between the results of the TSK-11 and the mean satisfaction with the different ICT tools; the higher the degree of a general fear of movement/injury, the lower the satisfaction expressed regarding the use of ICT tools. This could be possibly explained by the general avoidance among people who present higher rates of kinesiophobia and fear avoidance, including their own exposure to treatments, whether in person or through ICTs.

As in other studies in our area, we also relied on quantitative cross-sectional data, making it difficult to obtain explanations. Qualitative studies could complement these findings by giving voice to participants to explain more in depth their perspectives on such issues. These studies could help provide a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem and contribute to the development of more effective solutions from the users’ perspective.

Furthermore, since the survey was conducted only once and not longitudinally, the participants provided a brief account of their current perceptions. This does not provide insight into how their views changed over time as they gained more knowledge and experience with the ICT tools, and we cannot establish causal relationships.

Finally, due to the constraints of the survey, we did not ask participants about how much they used each of the ICTs. Future research should consider this and study whether the perceptions change depending on the extent to which each technology is used.

People with fibromyalgia are in favor of using tools that enable them to communicate with health care professionals. They also positively value those tools that grant them access to specialized online resources aimed at the management of their pain and general symptomatology. Moreover, remote treatment has been found to be particularly beneficial for those with mobility issues, which affect many people with fibromyalgia, as it allows them to receive care without having to leave their homes. However, important concerns about the ability to use ICTs due to a lack of knowledge or resources were observed. The age-related digital divide and education level have also been found to influence ICT tool usage and satisfaction. In addition, a negative association between satisfaction with ICTs and fear of movement/injury levels has been demonstrated, which may be attributed to a general tendency to avoid situations that elicit fear, including exposure to treatments that may be conceived as potentially painful, as long as therapeutic exercise patterns, while often effective, can be challenging for individuals with chronic pain, as they require significant effort and may momentarily exacerbate pain symptoms.

Results also indicate that despite the participants’ extensive experience with a large number of ICTs on average, both the satisfaction rates for each ICT tool listed in our study and the average satisfaction index were low, suggesting that there is ample scope for improvement in the design of ICT tools aimed at pain management, as well as formulate effective strategies aimed at reinforcing perceived self-efficacy of users.