The study used a descriptive qualitative method [41,42]. We conducted individual, web-based, semistructured in-depth interviews among older veterans with HF. We used a qualitative content analysis approach [41] to provide a rich description of older adult veteran perspectives and preferences for a mHealth intervention to support HF self-care.

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the VA Boston Healthcare System Institutional Review Board (#3216-X). The local institutional review board approved this study with a waiver of informed consent. Participants received a US $20 cash voucher for their participation. Randomly generated ID numbers were assigned to participants to ensure confidentiality. No personal identifying information was used in the audio recordings.

We used purposive sampling [41] (a nonprobability selection of participants) to ensure the richness of data for this preliminary study. We recruited older veteran adults aged 70-80 years who used smartphones. Between October 2020 and May 2021, we used administrative data to obtain a list of 70 potential participants who were patients at VA Boston HF clinic. We excluded 15 patients who had cognitive impairment or a psychotic disorder diagnosis. We mailed opt-out letters to the remaining 55 patients and called potentially eligible participants who did not opt out or otherwise contact the study staff. Interested and eligible patients (n=9 for a response rate of 16%) were enrolled in the study if they (1) lived in their own house or apartment, (2) were aged 65 years or older, (3) had an HF diagnosis, (4) owned an Android or iOS platform smartphone, and (5) used any apps on their smartphone more than once in the preceding 30 days. All participants were enrolled after an introductory conversation with the researchers who explained to them the details and the purpose of the study.

Data were collected between January and July 2021. We conducted semistructured interviews using a web-based platform, WebEx (WebEx Video Communications, Inc) [43]. Participants were given the option to use the video function or call in via telephone. At the start of the interview, participants answered a short quantitative questionnaire to gather demographic information (age, race and ethnicity, level of education, and marital status), and usage of smartphone apps (see Demographic Questionnaire in Multimedia Appendix 1).

We developed the semistructured interview guide based on key concepts from the middle-range theory of self-care in chronic illness [10]. The theory addresses the process of maintaining health through health-promoting practices and managing illness. The 3 key concepts are self-care maintenance, self-care monitoring, and self-care management. Self-care maintenance refers to those behaviors performed to improve well-being, preserve health, or to maintain physical and emotional stability [10]. These behaviors can be related to lifestyle (eg, exercise, preparing healthy food, and coping with stress) or the medical regimen (eg, taking medication as prescribed and attending medical appointments). Self-care monitoring is a process of routine, vigilant body monitoring, surveillance, or body listening [10]. This type of monitoring is a common behavior. For example, people may monitor weight or blood pressure regularly to follow changes. Self-care management involves an evaluation of physical and emotional signs and symptoms to determine if the change is present and action is needed [10]. It requires attention to the effectiveness of a treatment and evaluation of whether that approach should be tried again in the future. The theory was chosen to guide this study because its structure focused research efforts on results that could be readily translated into practice. In addition, the interview guide included items related to preselected behavior change features (feedback on behavior, self-monitoring of the behavior, reducing negative emotions, instruction on how to perform the behavior, goal setting, social support, problem solving, and action planning) that were rated as important in the literature and our previous research [31,44-47] (see Interview Guide in Multimedia Appendix 1).

During the interviews, participants were asked open-ended questions as well as directed questions to explore their perceptions and preferences for receiving app-based support to help them self-manage their HF. Participants were asked to report on features that stood out as most useful or least useful, how to brand apps so they would be recognizable to those with HF, and if there were any other features that should be included. Interview prompts centered on the preselected behavior change app features. In addition, we also asked participants their perspectives on the term “heart failure.” This question was posed to determine whether the title of the diagnosis affected the veterans’ self-efficacy, as self-efficacy is an antecedent to self-care and has been found to independently predict HF self-care [10,48,49].

The HF diagnosis of all participants was confirmed through the patient’s electronic health record by confirming an HF (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Problems, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification) code. We also collected data on the type of HF, HF preserved ejection fraction, or HF reduced ejection fraction. Interviews were conducted by MF, were audio recorded, and lasted approximately 45 minutes each. They were transcribed verbatim, and transcripts were checked for accuracy.

In total, 9 men opted in to participate in an interview session. Among these 9 participants, the mean age was 73.4 (range 70-80) years; the majority were White (n=7), most had completed postsecondary education (diploma or degree, n=6), and had HF with reduced ejection fraction (n=6). Five patients reported mild to moderate HF symptoms (shortness of breath with exertion and tiredness), while 4 others reported having no HF symptoms. As it was an eligibility criterion, all had either iPhones or Android-based smartphones. Most used their smartphone for email or internet at least once a day (n=8) and had experience with downloading an app (n=4), but fewer had used their phones to search for health-related information (n=3). However, the majority (n=6) reported using their phones for looking up sports information or the news and (n=5) used their phones to play games. Sociodemographic data are presented in Table 1. None of the participants had previously downloaded an app to help them manage their HF.

Below we discuss the participants’ opinions of the app features grouped according to the 3 key concepts of the middle-range theory of chronic illness (self-care maintenance, self-care monitoring, and self-care management; Table 2). After that, we describe three iteratively developed categories related to app preference: (1) simplicity, (2) ability to engage their caregiver, and (3) positively framed language.

In this study, we aimed to identify the mHealth design preferences of behavior change features of older adult veterans with HF to inform the design of a future mHealth intervention. Our analysis of interviews with 9 older adult Veterans demonstrated that older adults are engaged and willing to use mobile technology to support their self-care. Participants’ accounts not only identified features and characteristics important to them to support HF self-care maintenance, monitoring, and management, but also highlighted the challenge of designing mHealth for older adults with varying levels of caregiver support.

In terms of self-maintenance, veterans perceived mHealth to be helpful to gain knowledge on their HF condition but wanted the ability to choose how often they get that information. This finding adds to the literature regarding including patient perspectives in education. It has been found that educational activities that involve shared decision-making improve self-care practices [51], and user preferences have a significant impact on the use and effect of the education [52]. Participants also expressed the need for medication support to help them understand their medications, but they had mixed thoughts regarding medication reminders. Previous research has shown high satisfaction when patients receive medication reminders that are delivered at times they select and correlate with their medication schedule [53]. Gaining patients’ perspectives on the optimal number of messages and alerts is warranted to decrease psychological stress. Dietary support was a component that some participants also indicated mixed feelings about. Responses were based on the amount of caregiver support participants already had. The differing viewpoints corroborate with existing literature that encourages mHealth designers to allow users to customize mHealth for their individual case [54]. Some participants were also interested in using goal setting features for exercises and expressed the need for “willpower” to exercise. This finding reinforced the need for live coaching to facilitate exercise goal setting and attainment, in addition to app-based content (eg, self-monitoring, information modules, and exercises) [55,56]. Furthermore, the inclusion of behavior change features (ie, plan or goals and mobile diary) in mHealth correlates with a higher incidence of statistically significant outcomes [57]. Like many chronic illnesses, HF places great physical and psychological stress on patients. Participants endorsed the helpfulness of stress reduction strategies, suggesting that individuals should be able to choose the type of strategy that appeals to them. This adds to the literature that has found that stress reduction through mind/body interventions not only has benefits for healthy individuals but has many health benefits for patients in all stages of HF [58].

Monitoring of biometric measurements (weight, blood pressure, and pulse) was deemed useful by almost all participants, as long as they did not have to manually input data into an app. Their interest in self-care monitoring is in line with previous research that patients are interested in monitoring their symptoms as long as it does not intrude in their lifestyle [59]. Manual input of data has been cited as a deterrent to symptom self-care monitoring [60,61]. Our finding corroborates the findings of an existing body of literature on the importance of incorporating automatic uploading of biometric measurements to a mHealth app [57,62]. It should be noted that although Bluetooth technology (which supports automatic uploading of data) is widely available, it is not frequently used in mHealth research [57]. Participants also endorsed a feature that would allow them to evaluate past symptoms. Having a single source to record symptoms and actions taken to remedy symptoms can provide information to patients to identify worsening of HF. This finding is consistent with research that suggests the use of an electronic heart diary [63] to provide a consistent location for patients to track and review physical and psycho-emotional changes to determine if action is needed. Although receiving prompts as to when to call their provider was not seen as helpful by some participants, it was for others. This contributes to the literature on the desirability of using mHealth to guide patients to seek higher levels of care when needed [52].

In addition to feature preferences for health behavior change (reminders, monitoring, etc), veterans also had a preference for simple, easy-to-use technology. Ease of use is just one factor that can affect adherence among older adults [64]. They also wanted the ability to share data with family and caregivers. This preference was similar to previous research that explored the attitudes and preferences of older adults on warfarin therapy regarding the use of mHealth technology and health games to gain skills for self-management [65]. Another preference was the ability to customize the app once it is downloaded. Several participants indicated they wanted to have their family’s or caregiver’s support in conducting this task. These findings substantiate previous research indicating that some older adults say they need help setting up or using technology [18,66].

This study’s qualitative approach allowed for a better understanding of not only veterans’ mHealth preferences but also their feelings when told that they have HF. It is known that language can potentially transmit bias and affect the quality of care that patients subsequently receive [67,68]. Language, whether spoken or written, can also affect the attitudes of others. Our finding that participants had a negative reaction to the term “heart failure” indicates that there may be a need to reframe language surrounding a HF diagnosis.

This study focused solely on VHA patients, which represent a population not typically studied in mHealth contexts (eg, older adults). This may present a limit to generalizability to other populations [56,69] but also represents a needed addition to the literature on veterans. Another limitation was that most participants were White, potentially limiting the transferability of these findings to other ethnic groups. This may mean that our participants may be overly similar in certain ways, having similar backgrounds and preferences. Another potential source of bias is the small sample size. However, this study used the concept of information power rather than saturation to determine the adequacy of the sample size. Information power indicates that the more information the sample holds, relevant for the actual study, the lower number of participants is needed [70,71]. Based on our use of a specific, vulnerable population, the use of an established theory, the quality of the dialogue, and our analysis strategy, we determined the sample size to be sufficient. Although the use of a theory to guide our work was a strength of our study, there is the possibility that our use of the specific use of the middle-range theory of self-care in chronic illness may have limited the scope of the results, and future studies should take this into consideration. In addition, our focus was to examine the perceptions of features older adult veterans with HF would find important to include in a mHealth intervention; more background on demographics and other participant characteristics would have strengthened the interpretation of our findings. Finally, 3 of our participants were enrolled in or had previous experience with home telehealth. This may have caused some bias regarding their intention to use mHealth. It is also important to acknowledge that some older adults, as a result of strong personal preferences or other barriers, may never adopt mHealth [23].

In conclusion, despite the proliferation of mHealth apps to manage HF [36], a dearth of information exists concerning the usage needs of older adult veterans with HF. Some needs uncovered in our study are relatively new findings, such as the potential need to positively frame HF information and the patients’ desire for their caregivers to have access to the patient’s self-care data. Other needs identified correlate with those of HF patients in general (eg, goal setting and dietary restriction). App features should facilitate addressing these needs and consider incorporating, for example, a simple interface accessible to older adults with little or no technological literacy. Future research needs to be done to extend these findings and assess the feasibility of and test an app with these features.