A national online survey was developed with input from certified peer specialists: 2 CPS specialists, who were not authors of the study, and were selected from the Collaborative Design for Recovery and Health, a volunteer, virtual collaborative of service users, peer support specialists, caregivers, policy makers, and scientists with and without a lived experience engaging in community-based participatory research [5]. They reviewed and modified questions to ensure clarity and appropriateness for respondents. The requirements for authorship according to the New England Journal of Medicine are (1) substantial contributions to the conception and design or acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; (2) drafting of the article or critical revision for important intellectual content; (3) final approval of the version to be published; and (4) agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the article are appropriately investigated and resolved. The certified peer specialists did not meet these requirements and were not interested in authorship.

Qualtrics was used to deliver the online survey. We sampled participants through an online newsletter announcement through the last author’s CPS specialist listserve. The newsletter was sent 3 times to individuals over the course of a month. The listserve includes 1500 CPS specialists. This link and scripted text announcing the study were also sent out via popular peer support Facebook media outlets and Twitter. The response rate is not known due to the unreported reach of social media. The survey was available online from September 2020 to November 2020. We included individuals who completed a state-accredited peer-support training program that resulted in certification, resided in the United States, and were older than 18 years. While there were 464 respondents to the survey, we included data from a total of 426 peer support specialists who had either fully responded to all survey questions or to the majority of questions; the 38 others with less than half to no responses were omitted from the analyses.

This cross-sectional study was approved by the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health institutional review board (# STUDY02000514). A consent form was provided to participants online. Typed consent was required to proceed to complete the survey. The study presents the reporting guidelines for cross-sectional studies according to the organization STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) [6].

The survey began with questions about sociodemographic information such as “What state in the United States do you represent? [drop down select]” and “What is your race/ethnicity? [select all that apply] White, Black or African American, Native American or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, Hispanic.” Given their role as CPS specialists, they were also asked, “If comfortable, what type of lived experience have you been impacted by [please select the primary]? Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depression, Other Mental Health Concerns, Alcohol Use Disorder, Opioid Use Disorder, Other Substance Misuse Concerns, Physical Health Concerns, None of the above.”

Next, they were asked about employment and training in peer support. For example, “Are you trained in offering peer support? [select all that apply] Yes, I am a peer support specialist (including certified and non-certified), Yes, I am a recovery coach, Yes, I am an older adult peer support specialist, Yes, I am a Veteran peer support specialist, No, Other.” and “If you selected ‘other,’ please explain [open answer].” They also answered questions about the use of technology for the delivery of peer support, for example, “If you are offering digital peer support, how are you providing service to service users? Please select all modes by which you are providing digital peer support: Smartphone application, Text messaging, Phone calls, Videoconference, Social media, Video game.” Last, we asked an open-ended question regarding how participants used technologies to deliver treatment, for example, “If you selected ‘other,’ please explain the other types of technology service users use to support their recovery: [open answer].” The online survey took approximately 10 minutes to complete.

We used descriptive statistics (ie, frequencies and percentages) to assess the demographic characteristics of the sample. We used listwise deletion and description to address missing data. We conducted a chi-square analysis to examine the substantial association between the mode of therapy and the lived experience of mental illness. Analyses were conducted using SPSS 17 (IBM Corp).

This web-based, cross-sectional, self-reported survey examined the training, technology, media, and delivery of digital peer support services. We found the majority of CPS specialists were trained in digital peer support, and the majority of services were delivered via telephone calls, videoconference-based services, and SMS text messages. In addition, certified peer specialists offered peer support through smartphones and social media, as well as virtual reality and video games. Virtual reality and video games may represent emerging technologies to develop and deliver digital support. The majority of CPS specialists use popular commercially available technologies (eg, Calm app) rather than mental health technologies developed by scientists and available through academic or medical institutions. Clinicians’ promotion of digital peer support services may support time between clinical encounters.

Prior work in the field of digital peer support has indicated the preliminary effectiveness of the use of digital peer support via telephone, videoconferencing, and tablet or smartphone apps. The most recent systematic review found 4 peer-reviewed articles presented on apps, 2 of which had in-person features augmented by smartphone apps, 3 on websites, 1 with social media, 2 on in-person augmented with SMS text messaging and fitness trackers, and 1 with a noninteractive psychosocial online program and email messaging [7]. However, the actual use of digital peer support technologies was not reported on in this review.

Further, prior work has discussed training in peer support services. For example, the benefits of training on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and increased agency were reported by certified peer specialists [8,9]. In addition to certification and training, nontrained peer support occurs through YouTube with a sense of belonging and support. Yet, the health benefits remain unclear, and there are concerns about the perceived trustworthiness of online peers and dramatization being rewarded with attention [10]. Evidence indicates that trained CPS specialists produce more robust outcomes than naturally occurring peer support. As such, there may be a need for training in this area.

The results should be interpreted with caution. First, these findings are limited by the cross-sectional nature of our data. Second, the authors are unable to verify that the respondents were CPS specialists. However, since there was no incentive for participation, the likelihood of recruiting ineligible participants is unlikely. Additionally, while participants report they are trained in peer support (418/426, 98.1%), training is a requirement to participate in the listserve; therefore, this may be an underestimation of those trained in peer support. Third, since this was an online national survey advertised through the last author’s listserve, Facebook, and Twitter, only people with internet access could complete the survey. This could potentially produce biased survey results (ie, those who have access to the internet or own and use smartphones might be more interested in a web-based survey on technology use, or those who cannot afford digital technology, but would be interested in using it, are unable to respond to the survey). We also did not clarify which CPS specialists were able to meet in person or did meet in person with peers, or whether or not they had access to the suggested digital technologies, such as videoconferencing. This may have caused the percent usage of digital peer support modalities to be lower as individuals with in-person opportunities or a lack of digital opportunities may use modes such as SMS text messaging, phone calls, or videoconferencing more infrequently.

This study examines the modes of digital peer support intervention as well as the training and demographic background of peer supporters. Given the demand for mental health care, digital peer support emerges as one option to increase access [11]. These results suggest that among CPS specialists who own or have access to smartphones, tablets, or computers with the internet, 90%, according to a recent survey, commonly use SMS text messaging, phone calls, and videoconferencing to engage in peer support [12]. Less frequently, they may use diverse modes such as apps, social media, and video games. It is important to consider the background of peer supporters and the modes of communication to best accommodate areas where access to peer support is emerging. Larger longitudinal studies and a variety of experimental designs may be considered to understand the efficacy of digital interventions and digital peer support training to direct optimal care.