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Owing to the revolution in technology, the internet has become an important aspect of people’s lives. Modern technology is enabling people from diverse educational backgrounds to use the internet for several purposes, one of which is health information seeking. Recently, Web-based health information has become more popular among patients all over the world and among the general public.
This study aimed to investigate the use of Web-based health resources among undergraduate students from different faculties at Kuwait University.
The study employed a cross-sectional design with students selected from 8 faculties of Kuwait University, 4 faculties of Literature and 4 faculties of Science. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, and analysis was done using a chi-square test and binary logistic regression to determine the factors associated with seeking health information on the Web.
The sample size obtained was 1132 with a response rate of 90.27% (1132/1254). Overall, the prevalence of students seeking Web-based health information was 92.66%. (1049/1132) The most significant factors associated with seeking health information on the Web were age, gender, faculty, year of study, primary source of internet, and level of experience with internet use. In total, 90.0% (325/361) of students who were aged older than 21 years used Web-based health information compared with 82.8% (275/332) of those who were aged 18 years. In addition, female students showed a higher prevalence (829/934, 88.8%) of Web-based health information seeking than males (210/270, 77.8%). Students who majored in faculties of Science were more likely to seek health information than those who majored in faculties of Literature. All the differences found in the study were statistically significant (
The study concluded that many people use the internet for seeking health information. Sociodemographic factors have a significant association with Web-based health information seeking. Therefore, doctors must educate the public about the health information websites that can be trusted.
“The internet is a global network that enables computers and other communication gadgets to communicate directly and transparently” [
Studies show that Web-based health information has become more popular among patients all over the world and among the general public. According to a study conducted in 2008, there was a 38% increase in the number of health-related websites in the Eastern Mediterranean Region [
Previous studies concluded that most health-related internet searches are conducted to look for information related to a specific medical condition, both before and after seeking a consultation from a health care professional. This development was very prominent within the last 10 to 15 years. Concerns about information found on the Web include the quality of information found, whether the information would improve the patient’s health, and whether the patient-doctor relationship will improve as patients become more informed or be damaged if doctors have difficulty when they recommend changes to patients with preconceived notions [
It is thought that the use of the internet by patients will raise their awareness about their conditions, whereas its use by doctors will assist their ability to make evidence-based decisions. A study conducted in the United States concluded that the challenge faced by the doctors is translating scientific advances into meaningful advice for clinical care [
As a source of information, the internet has several advantages over traditional sources. These advantages include easy access to information, frequently updated material, confidentiality, and interactivity, which leads to better understanding. Web-based resources of health information used to not be readily available for public consumption, as the internet was not known as a destination for medical information. Therefore, patients did not have any health information, and their roles were limited to passive roles that consisted of complying to the orders of their health care providers. However, with the rise of innumerable websites and apps that provide health information in a simplified manner, there was a shift in the paradigm, and in recent years, patients have been opting for a more active role in seeking health care. Using Web-based resources for health purposes empowers the patients to seek a more active role [
In spite of the various advantages of the internet, it can also be harmful when consumers use it without evaluation of the quality of the information sought. This can lead to misinterpretation of the information, affecting health behavior and outcomes [
A previous study conducted in 2003 had concluded that 61% of citizens of the United States who use the internet have searched for health information on the Web compared with 58.4% of citizens in Saudi Arabia [
Although there has been an increase in the use of the internet in health care, little research has been conducted to study the impact that the availability and integrity of health care information on the internet has on users. This study aimed to investigate the use of Web-based health resources among undergraduate students at Kuwait University.
The objective of the study was 3-fold: (1) to determine the prevalence of Web-based health information seeking among students at Kuwait University; (2) to determine the influence of the information found on the Web on the attitudes of students at Kuwait University; and (3) to identify the association between the sociodemographic factors of the students and their health information–seeking patterns.
Kuwait University is the first public university in the State of Kuwait and was established in 1966. Its vision is to provide world-class education, and it is committed to advancing, preserving, and disseminating knowledge, in addition to preparing educated, enlightened, and qualified human resources to realize the society’s developmental needs. It consists of 17 faculties, divided into faculties of Literature and faculties of Science.
This cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students at Kuwait University across various faculties of the university. The study sample included 8 randomly selected faculties, stratified as 4 faculties of Literature and 4 faculties of Science. The selected faculties of Science were Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy, and Science, and the selected faculties of Literature were Law, Sharia and Islamic Studies, Education, and Business Administration (the total population of the 8 faculties was 19,359 students). A purposive convenient sampling procedure was used for students involved in the study, and the instrument used was a validated questionnaire. Students were approached in between classes and during their breaks, and participation was voluntary. The study included students aged between 18 and 25 years. Any student aged younger than 18 years or older than 25 years was excluded from the sample population. A total of 1253 questionnaires were collected during this period, and the response rate was 99.12% (1242/1253).
A Human Subject Form describing the ethical aspects of the study was approved by the Faculty of Medicine Ethical Committee, and an informed consent sheet was prepared, both ensuring protection of the participant’s autonomy, beneficence, and justice. There were no risks to participation in this study, and benefits of the study were explained to each participant while obtaining their informed consent. Rejection rate as per faculty is provided in
The study protocol and data collecting instruments were reviewed and approved by the Health Sciences Ethical Committee for Student Research. In addition, the permission of the vice deans of each faculty and university in which the study was conducted was sought. The objectives of the study were explained to the students before acquiring their written consent. The anonymous questionnaires that were used assured privacy and confidentiality of the data collected. All students participated voluntarily and understood that they had the right to refuse to partake in the study at any time without any academic penalty (
A validated questionnaire from a study conducted in Ghana was used to collect data from the students [
The questionnaire was reviewed by 2 faculty members, and their feedback was incorporated during revision of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was pretested on 10 students similar to the target population, and both the English and Arabic versions were revised as required after pretesting. The questionnaires took on average 5 to 10 min to complete.
All the data were collected in a 2-week period (from March 29 to April 14, 2018). A total of 1253 questionnaires were collected during this period.
Data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25 (IBM). Univariate analysis was performed to calculate percentages, frequencies, means, and standard deviations. Significant associations between dependent and independent categorical variables were tested using the Pearson chi-square test. The binary logistic regression model was used to adjust the odds ratio for potential cofounding variables. Age, gender, and level of experience with internet use were the variables included as covariates in the model for adjustment as they were significantly associated with the score in the crude analysis. A
Most of the respondents were Kuwaitis (993/1132, 87.72%) and females (880/1132, 77.73%). Most of the students were from the Faculty of Business Administration (192/1132, 16.96%) with only few from the Faculty of Pharmacy (76/1132, 6.71%). Students in their first year of study were the most (274/1132, 24.20%), and students in their seventh year were the least (14/1132, 1.23%). The students most often accessed the Web daily (1063/1132, 93.90%) using smartphones as the main device (1089/1132, 96.20%). Mobile data was used the most on campus (726/1132, 64.13%), with only few students using the internet cable (3/1132, 0.26%). In addition, the primary source of internet use was a personal device and the least was the university computer laboratory. Most students were very experienced with Web use (623/1132, 55.03%), whereas few students rated themselves as not experienced (11/1132, 0.97%).
The sociodemographic status of the students is presented in
Sociodemographic characteristics of the study sample (N=1132).
Variables | Values | |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 20 (1.919) | |
|
||
|
Kuwaiti | 993 (87.72) |
|
Non-Kuwaiti Arab | 123 (10.86) |
|
Non-Kuwaiti non-Arab | 14 (1.23) |
|
Others | 2 (0.17) |
|
||
|
Male | 252 (22.26) |
|
Female | 880 (77.73) |
|
||
|
Medicine | 190 (16.78) |
|
Pharmacy | 76 (6.71) |
|
Dentistry | 60 (5.30) |
|
Science | 170 (15.01) |
|
Education | 163 (14.39) |
|
Business administration | 192 (16.96) |
|
Sharia and Islamic studies | 173 (15.28) |
|
Law | 108 (9.54) |
|
||
|
First | 274 (24.20) |
|
Second | 182 (16.07) |
|
Third | 268 (23.67) |
|
Fourth | 223 (19.69) |
|
Fifth | 117 (10.33) |
|
Sixth | 47 (4.15) |
|
Seventh | 14 (1.23) |
|
||
|
Daily | 1063 (93.90) |
|
1-3 | 23 (2.03) |
|
4-7 | 44 (3.88) |
|
Never | 2 (0.17) |
|
||
|
Smartphone | 1089 (96.20) |
|
Laptop | 23 (2.03) |
|
Tablet | 14 (1.23) |
|
Desktop computer | 6 (0.53) |
|
||
|
Mobile data | 726 (64.13) |
|
Campus Wi-Fi | 71 (6.27) |
|
Internet cable | 3 (0.26) |
|
Personal Wi-Fi | 332 (29.32) |
|
||
|
University computer laboratories | 29 (2.56) |
|
University library | 34 (3.00) |
|
Home | 97 (8.56) |
|
Personal device | 972 (85.86) |
|
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|
Very experienced | 623 (55.03) |
|
Fairly experienced | 498 (43.99) |
|
Not experienced | 11 (0.97) |
The association between the sociodemographic factors of the students and Web-based health information seeking is presented in
The association between faculties and Web-based health information seeking was found to be statistically significant (
In addition, the study showed no significant association between the frequency of Web use, main device used, and the type of internet used on campus with Web-based health information seeking. In addition, there was no significant association between internet use in years with Web-based health information seeking.
Most of the students (874/997, 87.7%) used personal devices as their primary source of internet, whereas the university library was the least used source (32/44, 72.7%). About 88.6% (576/650) of the students were very experienced with internet use, whereas 79% (15/19) were not experienced. Both associations between the primary source of internet and level of experience and Web-based health information seeking were found to be significant (
Relationship between sociodemographics and Web-based health information seeking (N=1126).
Variables | Total, N | Web-based health information seeking, n (%a) | ||
|
||||
|
18-19 | 332 | 275 (82.8) | .006c |
|
20-21 | 433 | 371 (85.7) | .006c |
|
More than 21 | 361 | 325 (90.0) | .006c |
|
||||
|
Kuwaiti | 1045 | 898 (85.93) | .77d |
|
Non-Kuwaiti Arab | 132 | 117 (88.6) | .77d |
|
Non-Kuwaiti non-Arab | 17 | 15 (88.2) | .77d |
|
Others | 2 | 2 (100.0) | .77d |
|
||||
|
Smartphone | 1123 | 971 (85.77) | .69d |
|
Laptop | 38 | 32 (84.2) | .69d |
|
Tablet | 29 | 25 (86.2) | .69d |
|
Desktop computer | 12 | 9 (75.0) | .69d |
|
||||
|
Mobile data | 743 | 644 (86.7) | .75d |
|
Campus Wi-Fi | 91 | 76 (83.5) | .75d |
|
Internet cable | 3 | 3 (100.0) | .75d |
|
Personal Wi-Fi | 370 | 318 (85.9) | .75d |
|
||||
|
University computer laboratory | 39 | 30 (76.9) | .005d |
|
University library | 44 | 32 (72.7) | .005d |
|
Home | 126 | 104 (82.5) | .005d |
|
Personal device | 997 | 874 (87.7) | .005d |
|
||||
|
Male | 270 | 210 (77.8) | <.001d |
|
Female | 934 | 829 (88.8) | <.001d |
|
||||
|
Medicine | 198 | 178 (89.9) | .01d |
|
Pharmacy | 83 | 79 (95.2) | .01d |
|
Dentistry | 68 | 63 (92.6) | .01d |
|
Science | 191 | 167 (87.4) | .01d |
|
Education | 169 | 137 (81.1) | .01d |
|
Business administration | 199 | 167 (83.9) | .01d |
|
Sharia and Islamic studies | 181 | 152 (84.0) | .01d |
|
Law | 118 | 98 (83.1) | .01d |
|
||||
|
Daily | 1079 | 938 (86.93) | .1d |
|
1-3 days | 53 | 40 (75.5) | .1d |
|
4-7 days | 73 | 61 (83.6) | .1d |
|
Never | 1 | 1 (100.0) | .1d |
|
||||
|
First | 284 | 233 (82.0) | .003c |
|
Second | 199 | 168 (84.4) | .003c |
|
Third | 277 | 241 (87.0) | .003c |
|
Fourth | 234 | 207 (88.5) | .003c |
|
Fifth | 127 | 112 (88.2) | .003c |
|
Sixth | 58 | 54 (93.1) | .003c |
|
Seventh | 25 | 23 (92.0) | .003c |
|
||||
|
Very experienced | 650 | 576 (88.6) | .008c |
|
Fairly experienced | 537 | 449 (83.6) | .008c |
|
Not experienced | 19 | 15 (79) | .008c |
|
||||
|
Less than 1 | 167 | 161 (96.4) | .11d |
|
1-2 | 221 | 217 (98.2) | .11d |
|
3-4 | 252 | 251 (99.6) | .11d |
|
More than 4 | 406 | 398 (98.0) | .11d |
aRow percentages.
bSignificance:
cChi-square test for trend.
dPearson chi-square test.
Relationship between internet access methods and Web-based health information seeking
Variables | All (N) | Web-based health information seeking, n (%) | ||
Apps for smartphones and tablets | 1006 | 891 (88.56) | <.001 | |
Search engines (eg, Google, Bing, and Yahoo) | 1091 | 954 (87.44) | <.001 | |
Social media | 901 | 790 (87.7) | .008 | |
|
||||
|
358 | 314 (87.7) | .96 | |
|
304 | 266 (87.5) | .96 | |
|
11 | 10 (90.9) | .96 | |
|
Snapchat | 156 | 134 (85.9) | .96 |
|
Messaging apps | 104 | 93 (89.4) | .96 |
YouTube | 1007 | 882 (87.58) | .007 | |
Emails to doctors | 312 | 282 (90.4) | .03 | |
Websites | 881 | 785 (89.1) | <.001 |
The study revealed that 44.61% (468/1049) of the students used the internet to read about the causes and the symptoms of an illness. Approximately 19.63% (206/1049) of the students seek health information on the Web to decide if they need to consult a doctor, and 18.01% (189/1049) of the students seek Web-based health information before their appointment. The study also showed that 14.58% (153/1049) used the internet to find information after an appointment with a health professional. On the contrary, only 4.67% (49/1049) of the students contact their doctors on the Web. In addition, 65.20% (684/1049) of the students reported finding the desired health information through Web-based resources.
The study found that the most important factor for reading health information on the Web chosen by the students was the credibility of the information sought (746/1049, 71.11%). Other important factors include the accuracy of the information found (674/1049, 64.25%) and how easy the website is to read (625/1049, 59.58%). On the contrary, the students rated the interactivity of a website as the least important factor (292/1049 27.83%), followed by the appearance and layout of the website as the second less important factor (377/1049, 35.93%).
The frequency of internet use to get health information on the Web (N=1049).
Variables | Values, n (%) | |||
Always | Often | Occasionally | Never | |
Find information to decide if you need to consult a doctor | 206 (19.63) | 303 (28.88) | 436 (41.56) | 117 (11.15) |
Find health information before a medical appointment | 189 (18.01) | 284 (27.07) | 383 (36.51) | 207 (19.73) |
Find information after an appointment with a health professional | 153 (14.58) | 271 (25.83) | 357 (34.03) | 282 (26.88) |
Contact your doctor on the Web | 49 (4.67) | 111 (10.58) | 226 (21.54) | 678 (64.63) |
Read about causes and symptoms of an illness | 468 (44.61) | 342 (32.60) | 209 (19.92) | 41 (3.90) |
What is the frequency rate of finding the health information through Web-based resources | 209 (19.92) | 475 (45.28) | 361 (34.41) | 17 (1.62) |
Rating the importance of several factors when reading about health information on websites.
Factor | Values, n (%) | ||
|
Not important | Fairly important | Very important |
Accuracy | 78 (7.43) | 295 (28.12) | 674 (64.25) |
Current Information | 83 (7.91) | 360 (34.31) | 602 (57.38) |
Credibility | 49 (4.67) | 248 (23.64) | 746 (71.11) |
Comprehensiveness | 101 (9.62) | 396 (37.75) | 547 (52.14) |
Ease of understanding | 80 (7.62) | 341 (32.50) | 623 (59.38) |
Readability | 83 (7.91) | 331 (31.55) | 625 (59.58) |
Confidentially | 239 (22.78) | 316 (30.12) | 482 (45.94) |
Interactivity | 418.0 (39.84) | 333 (31.74) | 292 (27.83) |
Appearances | 263 (25.07) | 405 (38.60) | 377 (35.93) |
Students’ feelings after obtaining health information on the Web.
Variables | Values, n (%) |
Relieved | 357 (34.03) |
Stressed and anxious | 244 (23.26) |
Confused | 311 (29.64) |
Curious | 141 (13.44) |
Most of the students were relieved after obtaining health information on the Web (357/1049, 34.03%). In contrast, 29.64% (311/1049) of the students reported getting confused after searching health information on the Web. About 23.26% (244/1049) of the students reported feeling stressed and anxious, whereas 13.44% (141/1049) reported feeling curious after retrieving health information on the Web.
Most of the students at Kuwait University agree (803, 76.54%) that seeking health information on the Web increased their awareness about the topic that they read. However, only 4.19% (44/1049) disagreed to the fact that seeking Web-based health information increases their awareness.
Around 49.28% (517/1049) of the students reported that their personal health improved occasionally after using Web-based health information. Meanwhile, 11.91% (125/1049) of them reported that using Web-based health information always improved their personal health. Furthermore, the study showed that 8.48% (89/1049) of the students reported that their health never improved after obtaining health information on the Web.
Students aged 21 and above are 2.391 times more likely to seek health information on the Web than students aged (18-19) In addition, female students are 2.781 more likely to seek health information on the Web than male students. Moreover, students who are not experienced with internet use are 0.528 times less likely to seek health information than students who are very experienced with internet use. The relationship between age (
Increased awareness about the topic from resources obtained on the Web.
Variables | Values, n (%) |
Strongly agree | 295 (28.12) |
Agree | 508 (48.42) |
Not sure | 207 (19.73) |
Disagree | 34 (3.24) |
Strongly disagree | 10 (0.95) |
Frequency of improvement of personal health after seeking health information on the Web.
Variables | Values, n (%) |
Always | 125 (11.91) |
Usually | 325 (30.98) |
Occasionally | 517 (49.28) |
Never | 89 (8.48) |
Binary logistic regression of significant sociodemographic factors associated with Web-based health information seeking (n=1126).
Sociodemographic factors | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | ||
|
|||
|
18-19 | Reference | .001 |
|
20-21 | 1.322 (0.884-1.977) | .001 |
|
More than 21 | 2.391 (1.496-3.821) | .001 |
|
|||
|
Male | Reference | <.001 |
|
Female | 2.781 (1.912-4.044) | <.001 |
|
|||
|
Very experienced | Reference | .01 |
|
Fairly experienced | 0.600 (0.421-0.855) | .01 |
|
Not experienced | 0.528 (0.528-0.160) | .01 |
aSignificance:
An illustration of the percentage of barriers faced while using the Web for health information is presented in
The percentage for what makes the Web preferable in seeking health information is shown in
The percentage of students’ usage of information found on the Web is illustrated in
This study found an overall high prevalence of Web-based health information seeking, with a variation that was noted according to gender, year of study, and faculty. Other variables were identified that affect the association, and the effect on attitudes was explored.
The findings of the study revealed that most of the students 86.21% (976/1132) reported using Web-based resources to obtain health information, whereas 13.86% (157/1132) of the students have never used Web-based resources for health information. The same results were found in several studies conducted in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar that showed the prevalence to be 62.9%, 58.4%, and 71.1%, respectively [
This study found that most of the Web-based health seekers were aged older than 21 years, whereas a minority of the seekers were within the younger demographic. A study conducted in Portland also found that young adults aged between 18 to 29 years use Web-based resources to seek health information [
In addition, the results of this study showed that non-Kuwaiti Arab students (n=117) sought health information on the Web more than Kuwaiti students (n=898). This has been contradicted in a study conducted in Kuwait, in which Kuwaiti participants (n=58) were more likely to use Web-based resources to obtain health information than non-Kuwaitis (n=71) [
With regard to gender, this study shows a positive association that was significant. The results of several studies that were conducted in Egypt and France were consistent with this study in that there was a significant association between gender and health information seeking on the Web [
The findings of this study show that students who majored in faculties of Science were more likely to seek health information than those who majored in faculties of Literature. These results were supported by a study done in Nigeria, which found that students in Science faculties use Web-based resources more than students in non-Science faculties [
With regard to the main device used to obtain health information on the Web, this study found that most students used the smartphone, which can be explained by the unparalleled accessibility that mobile phones offer, which is access to Web-based resources. This is supported by a study conducted in Kuwait in 2017, which showed that 99.5% of university students reported owning or using a mobile phone [
In the study, it was found that the most frequently used type of internet on campus was mobile data (n=644) and the least was internet cable (n=3). This result is supported by the study in Ghana, which reported that the main type of internet used among students to seek Web-based health information was mobile data (n=268) and the least was local area network (n=33) [
This research also showed that the primary source of internet used by students to obtain health information was personal devices (n=874), compared with the study conducted in Ghana, which showed campus laboratories and Wi-Fi to be the primary source of internet used (n=268) [
The findings of this study showed that students who are more experienced with Web use (576/650, 88.6%) rely on Web-based resources to seek health information more than those who are fairly experienced (449/537, 83.6%) or inexperienced (15/19, 79%). In a study conducted in the United States in (2011-2014), it was found that throughout the 4 years of this study, participants who had a high level of Web experience were more likely to seek health information than those who had no level of Web experience [
In this study, it was found that most of the students use the health information that they sought on the Web to make lifestyle changes and discuss this information with their doctors, and only a few of them used the health information to change their medication without discussing it with their doctors. Similar results were found in a study conducted in Ghana; it was found that most of the students used the health information to make lifestyle changes and a few of them used it to make, cancel, or change their appointments with their doctors [
The findings of this study also revealed that most of the students felt relieved after reading about health information on the Web (357/1049, 34.03%).
Moreover, most of the students agreed (508/1049, 48.42%) with the fact that their awareness was increased after seeking health information on the Web. In addition to that, it was found that most of the students reported that their health improved after reading health information on the Web (517/1049, 49.28%). This result was supported by the findings in a Ghana study that revealed that the students’ health conditions improved after seeking health information on the Web [
With regard to the barriers that the students face while searching for health information on the Web, the results showed that the dominant barriers were understanding medical terms and a lack of Web searching skills. This dominance of the difficulty in understanding medical terminology could be explained by the fact that most of the students have no knowledge of medical terminology and most of the websites used for health information seeking use medical terms. On the contrary, the lack of skill needed could be attributed to a lack of proper training in effective Web use for health-seeking purposes.
Finally, this study focused on the factors that made the Web preferable for seeking health information. Interest and curiosity were the dominant factors 83.74% (948/1132) that affected the students to consider Web-based health information preferable. This can be explained by the innumerable amount of health information accessible to students through these recourses. The least reported factor to make the Web a preferable source of health information is lack of medical insurance. This can be due to the fact that health care is provided to Kuwaiti people free of charge, and the sample mostly consists of Kuwaiti students.
The study concluded that there is a large prevalence of Web-based health information seeking among students at Kuwait University. In addition, sociodemographic factors, for example, age, gender, faculty, year of study, primary source of internet, and level of experience with the Web, were significant correlates to Web-based health information seeking among the students. The study also found that more than half of the students who seek health information on the Web made lifestyle changes or discussed the information found with their doctor, although this finding was not statistically significant, possibly because of chance. There is an increasing trend in Web-based health information seeking among college students worldwide. Therefore, people should become more aware about the quality of the information sought, and doctors should educate the people to increase that awareness.
Few studies have been conducted in Kuwait to study the association between seeking health information on the Web and its influence on the population. Another strength is the appropriate sample size, covering 8 faculties from both Science and Literature. Moreover, the 8 faculties were randomly selected from the available faculties of Kuwait University. Nevertheless, some limitations were identified.
The limitations of the study are as follows: (1) the fact that university students may not be totally representative of all health information seekers as it is a young population and not all age groups are included in the study, and therefore, the study does not include people from different educational backgrounds and age groups; (2) in addition, the study was conducted in Kuwait University, in which most of the students are Kuwaiti, unlike the actual population in Kuwait, which consists of a majority of non-Kuwaiti individuals; and (3) most of the study population consisted of females, which could have affected the results with regard to gender.
Future studies should be conducted to (1) assess the level of awareness of Web users when it comes to the reliability and integrity of websites that are used to seek health information, (2) increase the awareness of the users with regard to trusted websites, and (3) include cultural factors and their effects on Web-based health information–seeking behaviors of users, including students, and factors that affect Web-based health information seeking, such as having a chronic illness or having a family member affected by an illness.
The rejection rate.
Informed consent form, human subjects form, and ethical portfolio.
Data collection instruments (questionnaires).
Percentages of barriers faced while using the internet for health information.
Percentage of what makes the internet preferable for seeking health information.
Percentage of students’ usage of information found on the Web.
None declared.